Signal pathway activation by TLRs and CLRs. TLRs and CLRs activate MAPK and NF-B signal pathways to varying extents, thereby allowing different innate immune responses to be generated. TLRs utilise TIR-domain containing adapter proteins such as MyD88, Mal, TRAM, and TRIF. CLRs signal using ITAM domains within their cytoplasmic region (e.g., dectin-1) or associate with an ITAM-containing transducing protein (e.g., dectin-2 with FcR). Dectin-1 utilises Src kinases and Syk kinase to activate a complex containing CARD9, MALT1, and Bcl10 to activate the downstream signal pathways. Figure adapted from [63].
