Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey

<table>(a) Ice Age steppe lion and (b) Ice Age spotted hyena alive trauma pathologies (bite damages mainly) from different sites caused by hyenas, lions, and cave bears due to bite damages in battles in and outside of caves (compiled partly from [<a href="/journals/paleontology/2014/106203/#B94">59</a>, <a href="/journals/paleontology/2014/106203/#B167">68</a>]).</table>

Paleontology Journal

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Figure 7

Figure 7: Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 

Figure 7 | Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 