Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index Influence the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Genetically At-Risk Children: A Mediation Analysis Using the TEDDY Cohort

Table 3

Estimates (95% CI) for total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect for islet autoantibody development (outcome), using energy percentage (energy from macronutrients/total energy) as exposure variables among TEDDY children (n = 5,084). In all analyses, BMI z-score is used as mediator.

Exposure variable	Outcome	Total effect	Direct effect	Indirect effect
		Estimates (95% CI)	Estimates (95% CI)	Estimates (95% CI)
Percent of energy from protein (%)	IA positivity (≥1)	40.6 (−7.8, 97.8)	39.6 (−7.9, 97.8)	1.0 (−0.2, 2.4)
	IAA	33.0 (−4.7, 98.1)	31.7 (−4.7, 98.1)	1.4 (−0.2, 2.6)
	GADA	73.7 (3.9, 98.0)	72.8 (3.0, 98.0)	0.9 (−1.3, 3.3)
Percent of energy from fat (%)	IA positivity (≥1)	3.2 (−9.4, 17.2)	3.0 (−9.3, 16.9)	0.2 (−0.2, 0.9)
	IAA	0.2 (−6.4, 15.5)	0.1 (−0.1, 0.6)	0.1 (−0.1, 0.6)
	GADA	4.3 (−8.8, 50.8)	4.2 (−8.9, 50.3)	0.2 (−0.2, 0.9)
Percent of energy from carbohydrates (%)	IA positivity (≥1)	−5.8 (−20.3, 7.2)	−5.7 (−20.2, 7.1)	−0.1 (−0.4, 0.0)
	IAA	−2.0 (−16.7, 4.7)	−2.0 (−16.7, 4.8)	−0.1 (−0.4, 0.0)
	GADA	−8.5 (−24.8, 5.5)	−8.4 (−24.8, 6.0)	−0.1 (−0.5, 0.1)

The bold values represent the 95% confidence intervals not going through 0 which are considered as significant effect.