Research Article

Diabetes Distress and Transition Readiness in Youths with Type 1 Diabetes Transitioning from Pediatric to Adult Care

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants.

Demographic variableAll participantsTertiary siteCommunity site
nValuenValuenValue

Age at transition, years, mean (SD)10119.1 (1.4)6818.4 (0.6)3320.5 (1.6)
Age at diagnosis, years, mean (SD)1019.4 (4.3)688.6 (4.4)3310.9 (3.9)
Female sex (%)10150 (50)6832 (47)3318 (55)
Average HbA1c
 % (SD)1018.5 (1.5)688.2 (1.5)339.1 (1.5)
 mmol/mol (SD)69 (17)66 (16)76 (16)
Clinic
 Academic (%)10168 (67)6868 (100)330 (0)
 Community (%)33 (33)0 (0)33 (100)
Insulin regimen
 Conventional (%)101a17 (17)68a14 (21)333 (9)
 MDI (%)33 (33)23 (34)10 (30)
 CSII (%)50 (50)30 (44)20 (61)
Any medical comorbidity10119 (19)6814 (21)335 (15)
Any psychiatric comorbidity10110 (10)684 (6)336 (18)
Any comorbidity10125 (25)6817 (25)338 (24)
Ethnicity
 Caucasian (%)8260 (73)5441 (76)2819 (68)
 Non-Caucasian (%)22 (27)13 (24)9 (32)
Mother’s marital status
 Married (%)8058 (73)5239 (75)2819 (68)
 Not married (%)22 (28)13 (25)9 (32)
Mother’s education
 Any postsecondary (%)8049 (61)5230 (58)2819 (68)
 High school or less (%)31 (39)22 (42)9 (32)
Father’s marital status
 Married (%)7761 (79)5040 (80)2721 (78)
 Not married (%)16 (21)10 (20)6 (22)
Father’s education
 Any postsecondary (%)7742 (55)5129 (57)2613 (50)
 High school or less (%)35 (45)22 (43)13 (50)
Number of hospitalizations in last year, mean (SD)790.13 (0.54)510.02 (0.14)280.32 (0.86)
Number of ER visits in last year, mean (SD)790.42 (0.90)510.24 (0.59)280.75 (1.24)
Days missed school in last month, mean (SD)790.43 (1.05)510.45 (0.94)280.39 (1.23)
Days too ill for activities in last month, mean (SD)790.82 (1.82)510.82 (1.65)280.82 (2.13)
Days needing caregiver in last month, mean (SD)780.19 (0.70)500.24 (0.77)280.11 (0.57)

T1-DDS scoresnValuenValuenValue

Total mean score, mean (SD)691.9 (0.8)441.8 (0.8)252.1 (0.9)
Powerlessness subscale score, mean (SD)732.4 (1.1)462.3 (1.1)272.5 (1.0)
Management distress subscale score, mean (SD)762.2 (1.3)482.0 (1.2)282.5 (1.2)
Hypoglycemia distress subscale score, mean (SD)741.8 (1.1)461.7 (1.1)282.0 (1.1)
Negative social perceptions subscale score, mean (SD)751.9 (1.1)481.8 (1.1)272.0 (1.0)
Eating distress subscale score, mean (SD)762.1 (1.1)482.0 (1.1)282.3 (1.0)
Physician distress subscale score, mean (SD)761.3 (0.8)481.4 (0.9)281.3 (0.7)
Family/friend distress subscale score, mean (SD)732.0 (1.2)471.9 (1.1)262.2 (1.2)

ON TRAC Transition Readiness QuestionnairenValuenValuenValue

Knowledge score, mean (SD)7647.0 (5.4)4946.4 (5.6)2748.1 (5.0)
Behavior score, mean (SD)7534.5 (5.4)4834.4 (5.7)2734.8 (5.0)
Transition readiness indicator
 No (%)7547 (63)4830 (63)2717 (63)
 Yes (%)28 (37)18 (38)10 (37)

Note. aOne participant was not on insulin at the time of transition.