| Study regions | Data sources | Age (years) | Prepandemic period | Pandemic period | Period | Observed | Period | Observed | Expected1 | Observed vs expected | P | T1D cases | T1D cases | Incidence (95% CI)2 | T1D cases | Incidence (95% CI)2 | Relative risk (95% CI)3 |
| Al-Abdulrazzaq 2022 Kuwait | Child diabetes registry | 0.5–≤12 | 24.02.19–23.02.20 | 303 | 24.02.20 –23.02.21 | 324 | 40.2 (36.1, 44.8) | 303 | 37.6 (33.6, 42.1) | 1.069 (0.914, 1.250) | 0.403 | Cinek 2022 Czechia | Czech Childhood Diabetes Register | <15 | 01.01.10–31.12.19 | — | 01.01.20–31.12.21 | 956 | 27.2 (25.5, 29.0) | 824 | 23.4 (21.9, 25.1) | 1.160 (1.060, 1.280) | 0.002 | Denina 2022 Italy, Piedmont | 1 pediatric centre | ≤14 | 15.10.2016–15.04.2017 15.10.2017–15.04.2018 15.10.2018–15.04.2019 | 97 | 15.10.20 –15.04.21 | 39 | 38.6 (28.2, 52.8) | 24 | 22.5 (18.5, 27.5) | 1.711 (1.180, 2.482) | 0.005 | Dilek 2021 South Turkey, Adana | 1 pediatric centre | <18 | 11.03.19–10.03.20 | 46 | 11.03.20 –11.03.21 | 74 | 11.2 (8.9, 14.1) | 46 | 6.9 (5.2, 9.2) | 1.623 (1.123, 2.345) | 0.010 | Guo 2022 USA, Florida | OneFlorida + network electronic health records | <18 | 01.01.17–31.03.20 | 1,921 | 01.04.20 –30.06.21 | 2,354 | 32.6 (31.3, 33.9) | 1,921 | 23.4 (22.7, 24.2) | 1.392 (1.322, 1.465) | <0.001 | Hernandez-Herrero 2022 Spain, Tarragona | 3 pediatric centres | <15 | 01.01.18–31.12.19 | 52 | 01.01.20 –31.12.20 | 37 | 29.1 (21.1, 40.2) | 26 | 20.4 (15.5, 26.8) | 1.429 (0.937, 2.178) | 0.097 | Ho 2021 Canada, Alberta | 2 pediatric centres | <18 | 17.03.19–31.08.19 | 114 | 17.03.20 –31.08.20 | 107 | 9.9 (8.2, 12.0) | 114 | 10.6 (8.9, 12.8) | 0.931 (0.715, 1.212) | 0.596 | Kamrath 2022 Germany | German Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry | 0.5–<18 | 01.01.11–31.12.19 | — | 01.01.20–30.06.21 | 5,162 | 24.4 (23.6, 25.2) | 4,489 | 21.2 (20.5, 21.9) | 1.150 (1.100, 1.200) | <0.001 | 0.5–<6 | 18.6 (17.5, 19.8) | 15.1 (14.1, 16.2) | 1.230 (1.130–1.330) | <0.001 | 6–<12 | 32.7 (31.2, 34.3) | 27.7 (26.3, 29.2) | 1.180 (1.110–1.260) | <0.001 | 12– < 18 | 23.5 (22.2, 24.8) | 22.2 (21.0, 23.5) | 1.060 (0.980–1.130) | 0.13 | Mameli 2021 Italy, Lombardy | 13 pediatric centres | ≤17 | 01.01.19–31.12.19 | 231 | 01.01.20 –31.12.20 | 256 | 16.0 (14.2, 18.1) | 231 | 14.0 (12.9, 15.1) | 1.143 (0.957, 1.365) | 0.141 | McKeigue 2022 UK, scotland | Diabetes registry | ≤14 | 01.01.15–31.12.21 | — | 01.01.20 –31.12.21 | — | — | — | — | 1.200 | — | Pietropaolo 2022 | TriNetX COVID-19 research network, electronic 60 healthcare organization | ≤30 | 01.01.18–31.12.19 | 27,704 | 01.03.20–15.07.21 | 21,925 | 30.1 (29.7, 30.5) | 20,308 | 27.9 (27.6, 28.2) | 1.080 (1.061, 1.099) | <0.001 | Pietrzak 2022 Poland | 14 paediatric centres | ≤18 | 15.03.19–14.03.20 | 1,391 | 15.03.20– 15.03.21 | 1,671 | 25.9 (24.7, 27.2) | 1,391 | 21.6 (20.4, 22.7) | 1.202 (1.119, 1.290) | <0.001 | Salmi 2022 Finland | Helsinki University Hospital | ≤15 | 01.04–31.10 | 231 | 01.04.20–31.10.20 | 84 | 56.0 (45.2, 69.3) | 58 | 38.7 (34.0, 44.0) | 1.450 (1.130, 1.860) | 0.004 | Shulman 20224 Canada, Ontario | Health insurance data | 1–17 | 01.01.17–29.02.20 | — | 01.03.20–30.09.21 | 1,570 | 36.7 (35.0, 38.6) | 1,440 | 33.7 (32.0, 35.5) | 1.090 (0.910, 1.300) | >0.05 | VandenBoom 2022 Germany | IQVIA prescription database (LRx) | ≤20 | 04.01.16−01.03.20 | 16293 | 02.03.20−02.01.22 | 7492 | 26.7 (26.1, 27.3) | 5992 | 21.2 (20.7, 21.8) | 1.259 (1.217, 1.303) | <0.001 | 06–08 | 3,447 | 06.2020–08.2020 | 990 | 25.9 (24.1, 27.8) | 689 | 18.0 (16.5, 19.6) | 1.440 (1.130, 1.580) | <0.001 | In 2016–2019 | | 05.2021–08.2021 | 1036 | 27.1 (25.3, 29.1) | 629 | 16.5 (15.0, 18.0) | 1.650 (1.490, 1.820) | <0.001 | Vlad 20215 Romania | Child diabetes registry | <15 | 01.01.19–31.12.19 | — | 01.01.20–31.12.20 | 403 | 13.3 (12.1, 14.7) | 347 | 11.4 (10.3, 12.7) | 1.166 (1.010, 1.345) | 0.036 |
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