Sleep Quality and Quantity in Caregivers of Children with Type 1 Diabetes Using Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery or a Sensor-Augmented Pump

Table 2

T-tests comparing closed-loop and sensor-augmented pump groups when results are restricted to caregiver 1.

	Mean SAP	Mean CL	t		Cohen’s d
Sleep diaries
Sleep quality	3.3	3.6	−1.147	0.27	0.47
Sleep duration	8.2	7.9	0.714	0.49	0.31
Awakenings	3.2	1.9	1.572	0.14	0.64
Latency	19.3	19.9	−0.085	0.93	0.04
Time awake at night	52.6	28.6	1.265	0.23	0.57
Actiwatch
Sleep duration	7.2	7.2	−0.083	0.93	0.04
Latency	25.5	16.7	1.939	0.07	0.83
Efficiency	85.1	88.1	−1.620	0.12	0.69
WASO	39.1	28.2	1.814	0.09	0.78
Number of awakenings	45.3	42.5	0.417	0.68	0.18
PSQI	6.5	5.2	0.743	0.47	0.31
CSHQ	44.5	46.0	−0.490	0.63	0.23

CSHQ: Children’s Sleep Habit Questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAP: sensor-augmented pump; CL: closed-loop system. Number of participants: 21. Sleep quality was reported using a five-point scale from very poor (1) to very good (5), sleep latency, time awake at night, and WASO were coded in minutes, sleep duration was coded in hours, and sleep efficiency was coded in %. Higher scores for PSQI and CSHQ represent poorer sleep quality.