High Prevalence of A−β+ Ketosis-Prone Diabetes in Children with Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis: Evidence from the Rare and Atypical Diabetes Network (RADIANT)
Table 4
Demographic, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of children with A−β+ KPD versus children with DKA who did not meet A−β+ KPD criteria.
Descriptor
(n)
A−β+ KPD (n = 25)
Did not meet KPD criteria, with DKA (n = 31)
p-Value
Age at diagnosis, mean ± SD
56
14.9 ± 2
14.1 ± 2.4
0.2
Gender, n (%)
56
—
—
0.9
Male
—
16 (64%)
18 (58%)
—
Female
—
9 (36%)
13 (42%)
—
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
56
—
—
0.2
White
—
0 (0%)
4 (13%)
—
Hispanic
—
14 (56%)
12 (39%)
—
African American/black
—
10 (40%)
15 (48%)
—
Asian
—
1 (4%)
0 (0%)
—
Other
—
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
—
DKA provoked, n (%)
47
—
—
0.079
Yes
—
2 (9%)
8 (32%)
—
No
—
20 (91%)
17 (68%)
—
If provoked DKA, etiology (infection or pancreatitis), n (%)
10
—
—
>0.9
Infection
—
1 (50%)
5 (63%)
—
Pancreatitis
—
1 (50%)
3 (38%)
—
Biochemical characteristics, mean ± SD
C-peptide at diagnosis (ng/mL), mean ± SD
48
1.3 ± 0.7
1.4 ± 1
0.6
Absent islet autoantibodies,n (%)
56
25 (100%)
31 (100%)
—
Glucosei (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3)
49
305 (254–431)
325 (260–428)
0.8
HbA1ci (%), mean ± SD
49
12.2 ± 1.2
12 ± 1.6
0.6
BMI percentileii (%), median (Q1–Q3)
56
99.1 (98.3–99.6)
99.1 (99–99.6)
>0.9
BMI z scoreii, mean ± SD
56
2.3 ± 0.7
2.4 ± 0.5
0.8
Tanner stagei
23
—
—
0.3
1
—
1 (13%)
0 (0%)
—
2
—
2 (25%)
2 (13%)
—
3
—
2 (25%)
2 (13%)
—
4
—
1 (13%)
7 (47%)
—
5
—
2 (25%)
4 (27%)
—
HbA1c at last office visit (%), median (Q1–Q3)
54
5.9 (5.7–6.4)
6.5 (5.8–9.8)
0.038
Risk factors for DM, n (%)
First degree relative with DM
55
13 (52%)
15 (50%)
>0.9
Acanthosis at diagnosis
51
24 (100%)
27 (100%)
>0.9
Associated obesity comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension
56
2 (8%)
4 (13%)
0.7
Dyslipidemia
56
22 (88%)
29 (94%)
0.6
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
56
2 (8%)
4 (12.9%)
0.7
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (females only)
22
2 (22%)
0 (0%)
0.2
iAt diagnosis, iiat first office visit. Mean +/− SD or median (Q1–Q3) were provided depending on the distribution of the data (normal vs. not). Islet antibody test results were not available for confirmation for one patient with A−β+ KPD, for whom the parents verbally reported that the test results were consistent with “type 2 diabetes”. Three patients who did not meet criteria for KPD were found to have positive IAA about being on insulin for >200 days, and these positive results were disregarded.
