Molecular Characteristics of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Table 1

Most commonly affected genes in PDAC.

Type	Gene	Cellular function	Affected in PDAC
Tumor suppressor genes	CDKN2A/p16	G1-S phase cell cycle inhibition	95%
	SMAD4	TGFβ	55%
	TP53	Cell-cycle arrest	75%
Oncogenes	KRAS2	ERK-MAPkinase signaling	>90%
	CyclinD	Cell cycle progression	65%
	BRAF	ERK-MAPkinase signaling	5%
Genome maintenance genes	MLH1/MSH2	DNA damage (mismatch) repair	4%
	BRCA2	DNA damage repair	7–10%