Utility of Tissue Transglutaminase Immunohistochemistry in Pediatric Duodenal Biopsies: Patterns of Expression and Role in Celiac Disease—A Clinicopathologic Review

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of subjects.

Group (𝑛)	Age range (median)	Gender		Other diseases (𝑛)	Clinical symptoms
		F	M
Celiac disease (36)	1–16 (8)	23	13	DM (7); Down syndrome (2); Juvenile RA (1); Hypothyroidism (1)	(i) Abdominal pain; (ii) Diarrhea; (iii) Failure to thrive/weight loss; (iv) Constipation
IBD (7)	5–17 (15)	2	5		(i) Rectal bleeding; (ii) Diarrhea; (iii) Abdominal pain; (iv) Weight loss
∗Normal control (33)	0.6–17 (8)	16; 17		Asthma (5); Juvenile RA (1)	(i) GERD; (ii) Abdominal pain
Eosinophilic GE (2)	1–11 (6)	2			(i) Dysphagia; (ii) Vomiting

𝑛: number; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; GE: gastroenteritis; F: female; M: male; DM: diabetes mellitus; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; *diagnoses of control cases were 17 cases with no pathologic diagnosis, 7 chronic gastritis, 6 active esophagitis, 2 reactive gastritis, and 1 candida esophagitis.