Pain-Related Fear: A Critical Review of the Related Measures

Table 2

A brief summary of the assessment of the psychometric properties of all selected questionnaires presented in alphabetical order.

Instrument	Reliability		Validity			Responsiveness
	Internal consistency	Reproducibility	Face content	Construct; (i) convergent; (ii) divergent	Criterion related; (i) concurrent; (ii) predictive	(i) Effect size; (ii) Area under the curve (AUC)
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)
Chinese Lee et al. [29, 30]	FABQ = high	FABQ = moderate	Content: Unevaluated methods^a	Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent FABQtotal = low-moderate; FABQpa, FABQwork, FABQprognosis work = low	Effect size: FABQwork = low; FABQpa = low
Dutch Crombez et al. [31]; Reneman et al. [32]	FABQwork = high; FABQpa = low				Concurrent FABQwork, FABQpa = low-moderate Predictive: Unevaluated methods^a
English Waddell et al. [33]; McCracken et al. [34]	FABQwork = high; FABQpa = moderate	FABQ = high; FABQwork, FABQpa = low		Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent FABQwork, FABQpa,; FABQtotal = low moderate; Predictive: Unevaluated methods^a
French Chaory et al. [35]		FABQwork = moderate; FABQpa = low		Construct: Unevaluated methods divergent FABQwork, FABQpa = low		Effect size: FABQwork = low; FABQwork = low
German Pfingsten et al. [36]; Staerkle et al. [37, 38],	FABQwork = high; FABQpa = high; (after FA); FABQtotal; FABQwork1; FABQwork2 = high; FABQpa = low	FABQwork total = low; FABQ1, FABQwork2 = low; FABQpa = low; FABQwork = high; FABPpa = moderate		Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent FABQwork (base); FABQpa (base) = low-moderate; FABQwork (followup) = low; FABQpa (followup) = low; Predictive: Unevaluated methods^a	Effect size: FABQwork = low; FABQpa = moderate
Greece Georgoudis et al. [39]	FABQpa = moderate; FABQwork1, FABQwork2 = high	FABQpa = moderate; FABQwork1,; FABQwork2 = high		Convergent: FABQwork, FABQpa = low; Divergent: FABQwork1,; FABQpa = low
Hebrews Jacob et al. [40]	FABQwork = high; FABQpa = low	FABQwork, FABQp; FABQwork = moderate; FABQpa = high
Norwegian Grotle et al. [27]	FABQwork = high; FABQpa = moderate	FABQwork = moderate; FABQpa = low		Construct validity: FABQwork chronic; FABQpa chronic = low Unevaluated methods^a		Effect size: FABQwork = moderate; FABQpa = low
Spanish Kovacs et al. [41]	FABQ = high	FABQ = high		FABQtotal,; FABQwork,; FABQpa = low		Floor ceiling; (i) Unevaluated methods^a
Fear Avoidance of Pain Questionnaire (FAPQ)
English Crowley and Kendall [42]	FAPQ = High	FAPQ = Low			Concurrent; FAPQ = low moderate	Sensitivity and specificity; (i) Unevaluated methods^a
Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ)
English Hursey and Jacks [43]; McCracken et al. [34]; McNeil and Rainwater [44, 45]	Total scale = moderate-high; Minor = moderate-high; Severe = high; Medical = low-high				Concurrent: FPQtotal = low; Unevaluated methods^a
Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS)
Dutch Crombez et al. [30]	PASS = high			Convergent; PASS = Low-moderate
Combined Dutch and USA study Roelofs et al. [46] Dutch/The Netherlands English/USA Original PASS; + PASS-20	PASStotal,; PASScognitive anxiety,; PASSfear of pain,; PASSphys.s of anxiety,; PASS-20 = high; PASSescape/avoidance = moderate; PASSescape/avoidance, PASSphysiological symptoms of anxiety = moderate			Convergent; PASStotal,; PASScognitive anxiety; PASSfear of pain,; PASSescape/avoidance, PASSphysiological symptoms of anxiety: PASS-20cognitive anxiety, PASS-20fear of pain, PASS-20escape/avoidance, = low
English 53 items McCracken et al. [18, 34]; Burns et al. [47]; Strahl et al. [48]	PASStotal,; PASSsomatic,; PASScognitive; PASSfear,; PASSescape/avoidance = high				Concurrent; PASStotal,; PASSsomatic,; PASSfear, and PASScognitive = low-moderate; PASSescape/avoidance = low
English or French 20 items Coons et al. [49]	PASS20 = high; PASS20escape/avoidance = low; PASS20physiological symptoms of anxiety = moderate; PASS20cognitive anxiety, PASS20fear of pain = high		PASS20fear = low; PASS20escape,; PASS20physiological, PASS20cognitive, and = low-moderate			Effect size; PASS20; PASS20fear; PASS20escape,; PASS20physiological,; PASS20cognitive = moderate
English Larsen et al. [28]			PASScatastrophic thoughts,; PASSphysiological anxiety,; PASSescape/avoidance,; PASScognitive interference, and PASScoping strategies = low; Unevaluated methods^a
Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK)
Dutch 12 items Vlaeyen et al. [50]	TSK17 = moderate; (17 items); TSK13 = low moderate; (13 items) Item-total: Unevaluated methods^a			Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent: TSKtotal,; TSKfear = low moderate; TSKharm,; TSKAvoidance of activity = low
Dutch 13 items Goubert et al. [51]	TSKtotal; CLBP = moderate; FMS = high; TSKactivity avoidance CLBP; FMS = moderate.; TSKpathologic somatic focus CLBP; FMS = low			Construct: Unevaluated methods^a
Dutch 11 items Roelofs et al. [52]	UED; TSK11 = moderate Chronic pain; TSK11 = moderate			Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent; TSKSF = low; TSKAA = low
TSK English 4 items Burwinkle et al. [53]	TSK4 = moderate			Construct: Unevaluated methods^a
English 11 items Woby et al. [54]	TSKtotal,; TSK11 = moderate Item-total Unevaluated methods^a	TSK = moderate	TSKtotal:,; TSK11: = low			Effect size: TSKtotal, TSK11 = low; AUC TSKtotal, TSK11 = moderate Sensitivity and specificity-Unevaluated methods^a
English 13 items Clark et al. [55]; French et al. [56]	TSKtotal = high; TSKtaa = moderate; TSKtsf = low Item-total Unevaluated methods^a			Construct: Unevaluated methods^a	Concurrent low
Norwegian Damsgård et al. [57]		Unevaluated methods^a		Construct: Unevaluated methods^a
Swedish 17 items Lundberg et al. [7]; Bunketorp et al. [58]	TSK = high; Item-total; Unevaluated methods^a	TSK = low-high; Unevaluated methods^a	Face and content: Unevaluated methods^a	Construct: Unevaluated methods^a

Abbreviations in reliability: α: Cronbach’s alpha, ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, r_p: Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, RC, RP; RV.
Abbreviations in validity: CFA: Confirmatory Factor Analysis, EFA: Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Abbreviations in responsiveness: AUC: Area Under Curve, SRM: Standardised Response Mean.
^aAdditional methods not evaluated as they are not included in the table of modified Wind criteria.