A Quantitative Examination of Extreme Facial Pain Expression in Neonates: The Primal Face of Pain across Time

Table 1

Commonly published pediatric clinical pain tools employing facial expression [3, 7, 16].

Behavioral, Observational, or Physiological Pain Scales
BIPP	Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain
CHEOPS	Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Score
CHIPPS	Children’s and Infant’s Postoperative Pain Scale
CRIES	Crying, Requires oxygen administration, Increased vital signs, Expression, Sleeplessness
EDIN	Échelle Douleur Inconfort Nouveau-Né (neonatal pain and discomfort scale)
FLACC	Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability
NIPS	Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
NPASS	Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale
PIPP	Premature Infant Pain Profile
Faces Pain Scales
FACES	Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Cartoon “happy” to “sad” depictions
FPS-R	Faces Pain Scale—Revised. Symbolic line drawing representations
OUCHER	Oucher Scale. Photographic depictions, 3 ethnic versions