Research Article
Smiling in Pain: Explorations of Its Social Motives
Table 1
Overview of the experimental procedures and dependent variables of the 2 studies.
| | Procedures and variables | Study 1
Degree of sociality
() | Study 2
Degree of sociality and properties of the social relationship
() |
| | Design | Between-subject design | Within-subject design | | Social manipulation | (i) Moderate sociality (nonvisual interaction)
(ii) High sociality (visual interaction possible) | (i) No sociality (alone)
(ii) High sociality—formal (with the experimenter)
(iii) High sociality—intimate (with the partner) | | Pain induction | Phasic heat stimuli
(painful and nonpainful) | Phasic heat stimuli
(painful and nonpainful) | | Assessment of smiling | AU 12
(frequency and intensity being coded) | AU 12
(frequency and intensity being coded) | | Self-report rating | VAS (0–100) | VAS (0–100; with 50 being labelled as slightly painful) |
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