| | | All | Group 1 | Group 2 | | | | Opioid users | Nonopioid users | | | | | |
| | Gender | | | | | Female | 120 | 40 | 80 | | Male | 11 | 3 | 8 | | Age, mean ± SD | 50 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 | 49 ± 10 | | Dur. pain, mean ± SD | 11 ± 10 | 11 ± 10 | 11 ± 10 | | Education | | | | | High school, (%) | 15 (11) | 5 (12) | 10 (11) | | High school, (%) | 43 (33) | 14 (33) | 29 (33) | | College, (%) | 38 (29) | 16 (37) | 22 (25) | | University, (%) | 35 (27) | 8 (19) | 27 (31) | | Marital status | | | | | Single, (%) | 26 (20) | 5 (12) | 21 (24) | | Married, (%) | 83 (63) | 32 (74) | 51 (58) | | Divorced, (%) | 15 (11) | 4 (9) | 11 (13) | | Widowed, (%) | 5 (4) | 1 (2) | 4 (5) | | Employed, (%) | 39 (30) | 11 (26) | 28 (32) | | Disability, (%) | 42 (32) | 16 (37) | 26 (30) | | Medications, ± SD | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | | Pain | | | | | Pain VAS, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | | MPQ, mean ± SD | 42 ± 15 | 46 ± 15* | 40 ± 15 | | Function | | | | | Patient global VAS, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 2.4 | 7.1 ± 2.3* | 6.1 ± 2.4 | | FIQ, mean ± SD | 66 ± 18 | 72 ± 15** | 63 ± 18 | | HAQ, mean ± SD | 1.14 ± 0.66 | 1.23 ± 0.67 | 1.09 ± 0.65 | | Mood | | | | | AIMS anx, mean ± SD | 6.1 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 2.0 | | AIMS dep, mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | | PCS, mean ± SD | 29 ± 12 | 30 ± 13 | 28 ± 12 |
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Group 1 baseline versus Group 2 baseline: *, **.
SD: standard deviation, VAS: Visual Analog Scale, MPQ: McGill Pain Questionnaire, FIQ: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire, AIMS: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale, and PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
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