Vitamin D and Pain: Vitamin D and Its Role in the Aetiology and Maintenance of Chronic Pain States and Associated Comorbidities

Box 1

Interfaces of Vitamin D deficiency and types of persistent pain.

(i) Headache

(ii) Cancer pain

(iii) Persistent musculoskeletal pain and weakness (rickets, osteomalacia, osteopaenia, cystic fibrosis, back pain, knee pain, and

    costochondritic chest pain)

(iv) Fibromyalgia

(v) Abdominal pain

(vi) Pain associated with ischaemia (sickle cell disease and coronary artery disease)

(vii) Inflammatory pain (rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus)

(viii) Neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy, post herpetic neuropathy, and multiple sclerosis)