Risk Factors Linked to Psychological Distress, Productivity Losses, and Sick Leave in Low-Back-Pain Employees: A Three-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study

Table 1

Measurement values at the first assessment. Data are presented as mean ± SD or as number of cases (%).

	⁢LBP ()
		%
Blue collar, N (%)	1978	44
Age (years)	46.0 ± 9.0
Gender, N (%)
Men	2576	57
Women	1937	43
Civil status, N (%)
Single/separated/divorced/widowed	1440	32
Married/common/law partner	3073	68
Last level of education completed, N (%)
Primary	1127	25
High school	1902	42
University	1484	33
Annual personal income, N (%)
≤10,000	91	2
10,001–20,000	537	12
20,001–30,000	946	21
30,001–40,000	1130	25
40,001–50,000	632	14
50,001–70,000	679	15
≥70,001	498	11
Industrial sector, N (%)
Banking/finance	1175	26
Insurance	493	11
Manufacturing	1442	32
ICT	950	21
Public services	453	10

LBP: low back pain; no-LBP: patients without low back pain diagnosis.