Risk Factors Linked to Psychological Distress, Productivity Losses, and Sick Leave in Low-Back-Pain Employees: A Three-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study

Table 2

Univariate regression analyses showing the odds ratio for work performance and sick leave at the 3-year follow-up.

	⁢Work performance		Sick leave
		Odds ratio (95% CI)		Odds ratio (95% CI)
Withe collar, N (%)	<0.001	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	<0.01	2.1 (2.6–3.8)
Blue collar, N (%)	0.071	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	0.062	0.9 (0.8–1.1)
Age (years)	0.062	0.89 (0.78–1.0)	0.076	0.93 (0.86–1.0)
Gender, N (%)	0.052	0.81 (0.72–1.0)	0.78	0.91 (0.83–1.1)
Men	<0.001	0.3 (0.2–0.4)	0.061	0.88 (0.80–1.0)
Women	0.071	0.96 (0.92–1.0)	<0.0001	1.8 (2.1–3.1)
Civil status, N (%)	0.21	0.89 (0.68–1.1)	0.069	0.94 (0.82–1.0)
Physical activity	<0.01	1.4 (0.5–1.9)	<0.001	0.3 (0.0–0.6)
Organic causes of LBP	0.061	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.067	0.8 (0.6–1.0)
Not-organic causes of LBP	<0.01	0.3 (0.2–0.5)	0.001	1.8 (2.6–3.6)
Drug treatment for LBP	0.053	0.8 (0.6–1.1)	0.052	0.9 (0.5–1.2)
Previous LBP	0.1	1.1 (0.9–0.8)	0.053	1.0 (0.5–1.3)
Single/separated/divorced/widowed	0.066	0.81 (0.71–1.0)	0.062	0.90 (0.81–1.0)
Married/common/law partner	0.067	0.76 (0.68–1.1)	0.064	0.91 (0.80–1.1)
Last level of education completed, N (%)	0.088	0.91 (0.7–1.0)	0.072	0.94 (0.79–1.0)
Primary	0.072	0.85 (0.79–1.1)	0.061	0.97 (0.89–1.1)
High school	0.42	0.93 (0.81–1.0)	0.060	0.98 (0.88–1.0)
University	0.061	0.86 (0.81–1.0)	0.064	0.94 (0.90–1.0)
Annual personal income, N (%)	0.069	0.88 (0.67–1.2)	0.065	0.95 (0.92–1.1)
≤10,000	0.063	0.82 (0.65–1.0)	0.065	0.95 (0.91–1.0)
10,001–20,000	0.058	0.99 (0.89–1.0)	0.082	0.96 (0.90–1.0)
20,001–30,000	0.056	0.91 (0.88–1.2)	0.071	0.89 (0.85–1.0)
30,001–40,000	0.052	0.88 (0.68–1.0)	0.067	0.90 (0.89–1.1)
40,001–50,000	0.062	0.99 (0.97–1.0)	0.082	0.92 (0.88–1.0)
50,001–70,000	0.061	0.89 (0.57–1.0)	0.069	0.90 (0.85–1.0)
≥70,001	0.067	0.87 (0.69–1.1)	0.54	0.91 (0.84–1.0)
Industrial sector, N (%)	0.069	0.81 (0.65–1.0)	0.064	0.99 (0.81–1.0)
Banking/finance	0.059	0.89 (0.78–1.0)	0.067	0.97 (0.76–1.2)
Insurance	0.071	0.76 (0.54–1.1)	0.086	0.96 (0.78–1.0)
Manufacturing	0.062	0.88 (0.49–1.0)	0.073	0.93 (0.87–1.1)
ICT	0.061	0.89 (0.84–1.0)	0.062	0.93 (0.78–1.0)
Public services	0.068	0.87 (0.82–1.1)	0.062	0.91 (0.88–1.1)

Note: LBP: low back pain; no-LBP: patients without low back pain diagnosis; values < 0.05 are indicated in bold.