Pain and Stress Response during Intravenous Access in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Effects of EMLA and Nitrous Oxide Treatment
Table 1
Characteristics of CAH children and control children undergoing IV access with EMLA and EMLA + N2O.
(a)
EMLA
EMLA + N2O
CAH children
Age, year
12 (7–14)
Gender, male/female
3/7
BMI SDS
0.38 (0–6.8)
Attempts, number
1.0 (1–5)
1.0 (1-1)
0.3
Pain, 0–10
4.5 (2–10)
1.5 (1–3)
0.02
Children’s evaluations 1–5
3.0 (1–5)
5.0 (4-5)
0.01
Parent’s evaluations, 1–5
3.0 (1–5)
5.0 (4-5)
0.02
Nurse’s evaluations, 1–5
2.5 (1–5)
5.0 (4-5)
0.02
Blood analyses
17-OHP nmol/L
5.9 (1.7–52.3)
5.3 (2.9–24.2)
0.9
Androstenedione nmol/L
1.9 (0.3–12.0)
1.3 (0.6–11.0)
0.7
Glucose mmol/L
4.5 (4.1–5.6)
4.1 (3.7–5.0)
0.04
Norepinephrine nmol/L
1.3 (0.5–2.2)
1.4 (1.3–1.5)
0.6
Heart rate
Before IV access
87 (67–96)
80 (74–100)
0.8
During IV access
91 (80–115)
81 (72–95)
0.02
After IV access
82 (65–104)
82 (67–91)
0.5
Blood pressure
Before IV access
113/75 (107/67–135/80)
109/70 (85/55–137/80)
0.4
During IV access
114/77 (110/68–122/80)
110/70 (98/60–120/80)
0.05
After IV access
110/75 (106/68–113/75)
103/72 (87/60–115/75)
0.3
Saturation
Before IV access
98 (97–100)
97 (97–99)
0.9
During IV access
98 (98–100)
98 (97–100)
1.0
After IV access
98 (97–100)
98 (97–100)
1.0
(b)
EMLA + N2O
Control children
Age, year
12 (5–18)
Gender, male/female
21/9
BMI SDS
5.0 (−1.2–8.9)
Pain, 0–10
2.0 (1–10)
0.9
17-OHP nmol/L
2.7 (0.7–7.1)
<0.001
Glucose mmol/L
4.7 (4.1–5.2)
<0.01
Norepinephrine nmol/L
1.5 (0.9–2.7)
0.8
Data are presented as median and range. In the evaluation score, 5 is most satisfactory. signed rank test. control children with CAH children treated with EMLA + N2O.
