Predictors of Nasal Obstruction: Quantification and Assessment Using Multiple Grading Scales
Table 2
(a) Distribution of nasal physical exam findings and association with NOSE scores. (b) Additional nasal physical exam findings and association with NOSE scores.
(a)
Percent total ( = number of patients)
NOSE score by subgroup (mean ± SD)
value
(one-way ANOVA)
= statistical significance
External nasal deformity
Grade 1: none
82.5% ()
30.1 ± 22.8
= 0.0149
Grade 2: mild
9.2% ()
34.5 ± 25.3
Grade 3: moderate
7.9% ()
48.5 ± 30.2
Grade 4: severe
0.4% ()
35.0
Nasal septum deviation
Grade 1: 0 to 25% deflection
53.3% ()
27.7 ± 22.0
= 0.0024
Grade 2: 26–50% deflection
31.6% ()
33.5 ± 22.9
Grade 3: 51–75% deflection
8.3% ()
43.3 ± 32.8
Grade 4: 76–100% deflection
6.7% ()
45.9 ± 25.4
Internal nasal valve angle
Right
Left
Right
Left
Right
Left
Grade 1: <5 degrees
3.8% ()
4.2% ()
66.1 ± 18.3
58.0 ± 27.4
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
Grade 2: 5 to <10 degrees
18.1% ()
18.1% ()
44.3 ± 25.5
44.1 ± 24.8
Grade 3: 10 to <15 degrees
51.9% ()
53.6% ()
29.1 ± 21.9
28.9 ± 21.5
Grade 4: 15 or more degrees
26.2% ()
24.1% ()
24.8 ± 21.6
25.7 ± 22.6
Internal nasal valve collapse
Right
Left
Right
Left
Right
Left
Grade 1: no collapse
74.1% ()
74.2% ()
No significant difference between groups
= 0.4210
= 0.1053
Grade 2: mild collapse ≤ 33%
17.9% ()
18.3% ()
Grade 3: moderate collapse = 34–66%
7.5% ()
6.7% ()
Grade 4: severe collapse ≥ 67%
0.4% ()
8.3% ()
Inferior turbinate size
Right
Left
Right
Left
Right
Left
Grade 1: 0–25% AP nasal airway space
27.9% ()
25.0% ()
No significant difference between groups
= 0.9472
= 0.1618
Grade 2: 26–50% AP nasal airway space
24.1% ()
27.1% ()
Grade 3: 51–75% AP nasal airway space
30.0% ()
32.9% ()
Grade 4: 76–100% AP nasal airway space
17.9% ()
15.0% ()
(b)
Subgroup % total or mean ± SD ( = number)
NOSE score mean ± SD or Pearson’s
value, statistical test
‡ (one-way ANOVA)
(Pearson correlation)
= statistical significance
Nasal obstruction visual analog scale (NO-VAS): 0–100
Bilateral (both nostrils open)
22.3 ± 23.8
= 0.38; moderate positive relationship
< 0.0001,
Left nostril (cover right)
27.6 ± 28.0
= 0.37; moderate positive relationship
< 0.0001,
Right nostril (cover left)
23.0 ± 25.7
= 0.21; weak positive relationship
,
Cottle maneuver effect on nasal airflow
Grade 1: no improvement
11.1% ()
15.0 ± 17.9
= 0.0087, ‡
Grade 2: mild improvement
39.6% ()
30.3 ± 22.9
Grade 3: moderate improvement
25.7% ()
37.4 ± 24.1
Grade 4: significant improvement
23.6% ()
37.4 ± 27.2
Classification of external nasal deformities
C-shaped
26.7% ()
No significant difference between groups
= 0.8352, ‡
Reverse C-shaped
60.0% ()
S-shaped
13.3% ()
Reverse S-shaped
0% ()
Classification of septal deviations: cephalocaudal dimension
C-shaped
51.4% ()
No significant difference between groups
= 0.5270, ‡
Reverse C-shaped
36.8% ()
S-shaped
7.4% ()
Reverse S-shaped
4.4% ()
Classification of septal deviations: anteroposterior dimension
