Rhabdomyosarcoma: Advances in Molecular and Cellular Biology

Table 3

Studies identifying stem cells in RMS.

Marker/substrate	Source	Stem cell gene	Functional characterization	Reference
CD133	Orthotopic xenograft model	OCT4, NANOG, c-MYC, PAX3, and SOX2	Correlating with poor overall survival	Walter et al., 2011 [38]
PAX-FKHR	Bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice	Myf5, MEF2, MyoD, and myogenin	Determining the molecular, myogenic, and histologic phenotype of ARMS	Ren et al., 2008 [39]
V-ATPase	RD cell line	NANOG and OCT3/4	Driving mechanisms of a reduced sensitivity to anticancer drugs and activities related to invasion and metastasis	Salerno et al., 2014 [40]
Surv.m-CRAs	KYM-1 cell line (FGFR3-positive)	FGFR3	Therapeutic effectiveness against all cell populations and increased effectiveness against CSCs	Tanoue et al., 2014 [41]