Residual Negative Symptoms Differentiate Cognitive Performance in Clinically Stable Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Table 1
Demographic and illness characteristics.
BP
SZ
HC
Test statistic
BP versus SZ
Female, (%)
7 (28)
9 (36)
7 (28)
Chi square = 0.502
0.778
Age, years : mean (s.d.)
35.44 (11.18)
40.16 (8.153)
35.48 (5.49)
0.09
Years in education
10.08 (2.08)
9.08 (1.47)
9.92 (1.03)
0.064
Unemployed
3
6
0
<0.001
NS
YMRS, mean (s.d.)
2.28 (1.1)
2.04 (1.02)
0
<0.001
NS
HRSD, mean (s.d.)
1.52 (0.58)
1.36 (0.95)
0
<0.001
NS
BPRS, mean (s.d.)
0.56 (0.65)
3.68 (1.24)
0
<0.001
= −11.07;
SANS, mean (s.d.)
0.32 (0.55)
2.68 (0.69)
0
<0.001
= −13.3;
IDEAS, mean (s.d.)
1.52 (2.00)
2.16 (2.26)
—
0.295
Number of manic episodes, mean (s.d.)
2.88 (1.45)
—
—
Number of depressive episodes, mean (s.d.)
1.08 (1.57)
—
—
Duration of illness, mean (s.d.)
8.48 (6.61)
11.32 (5.81)
—
0.113
Medication
DDD
0.72 (0.50)
1.68 (0.62)
= −5.94;
<0.001
Lithium, (%)
7 (28)
—
—
Valproate, (%)
6 (24)
—
—
Carbamazepine, (%)
6 (24)
—
—
Lithium + carbamazepine, (%)
6 (24)
—
—
Antipsychotics, (%)
18 (72)
25 (100)
—
Benzodiazepine, (%)
5 (20)
8 (32)
—
Anticholinergics, (%)
8 (32)
24 (96)
—
Antidepressant, (%)
3 (12)
3 (12)
—
Fisher’s exact test for rXc tables; bANOVA IDEAS: Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale; DDD: defined daily dose of antipsychotics; BP: bipolar disorder; SZ: schizophrenia; HC: healthy control; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (measured on a scale of 0–6 as in [9]); HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms.
