Adherence to Typical Antipsychotics among Patients with Schizophrenia in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 5

Factors associated with nonadherence to typical antipsychotic medications among patients with schizophrenia.

Variable	Bivariate logistic regression		Multivariate logistic regression
	Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	value
Age	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	0.724
Sex
Female	1
Male	0.67 (0.26–1.72)	0.406
Marital status
Single	1
Married/cohabiting	1.13 (0.36–3.52)	0.828
Separated/divorced	0.88 (0.27–2.89)	0.836
Level of education
None	Omitted		Omitted
Primary	8.21 (1.00–67.55)	0.050	7.36 (0.56–95.92)	0.127
Secondary	10.06 (1.23–82.33)	0.031	10.99 (0.79–152.17)	0.074
Tertiary	1 (ref)		1
Area residence
Rural	1
Urban	0.94 (0.37–2.37)	0.892
Poverty line
Above	1		1
Below	1.96 (0.77–4.95)	0.157	7.15 (1.39–36.67)	0.018
Substance use
No	1
Yes	0.64 (0.20–2.06)	0.458
Distance from the hospital	1.02 (0.99–1.03)	0.108	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.521
Presence of a comorbidity
No	1		1
Ye	1.78 (0.61–5.20)	0.293	2.05 (0.40–10.64)	0.391
Insight for psychosis
Good	1
Poor	0.85 (0.29–2.51)	0.772
Attitude towards typical antipsychotic
Negative	1
Positive	1.40 (0.48–4.11)	0.538
Duration of treatment (in years)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)	0.456
Satisfaction with medication	1.23 (0.77–197)	0.379
Burdened by the number of pills
No	1
Yes	1.08 (0.42–2.81)	0.868
Number of pills	0.79 (0.60–1.04)	0.091	0.85 (0.52–1.38)	0.511
Frequency of daily drug taking
Once	1		1
Twice	0.56 (0.21–1.52)	0.257	0.43 (0.08–2.18)	0.308
Three times	0.27 (0.03–2.28)	0.232	0.36 (0.02–7.32)	0.507
Four or more times	3.85 (0.22–65.71)	0.352	4.18 (0.08–228.96)	0.483
Frequency of drug stoke out at the facility for patients’ medications
Never	1
Rarely	2.12 (0.20–21.88)	0.529
Sometimes	1.64 (0.19–14.37)	0.657
Often	1.42 (0.13–15.64)	0.774
Always	2.77 (0.26–29.04)	0.396
Level of social support from family and friends	0.87 (0.56–1.37)	0.559
Satisfaction with health workers’ explanations of drug use and side effects	0.91 (0.65–1.28)	0.595
Stop medications due to religious or cultural beliefs
No	1
Yes	1.27 (0.49–3.31)	0.620
Loss of energy or drive
No	1		1
Yes	0.22 (0.09–0.59)	0.002	0.15 (0.03–0.81)	0.028
Feeling unmotivated
No	1		1
Yes	0.41 (0.16–1.09)	0.073	2.18 (0.35–13.47)	0.401
Day time sedation
No	1		1
Yes	0.59 (0.24–1.49)	0.266	1.59 (0.36–6.99)	0.535
Too much sleep
No	1
Yes	0.84 (0.33–2.13)	0.715
Muscle too stiff
No	1
Yes	1.42 (0.52–3.83)	0.492
Shaking
No	1
Yes	0.61 (0.22–1.68)	0.339
Jittery
No	1
Yes	0.63 (0.21–1.84)	0.397
Akathisia
No	1		1
Yes	0.48 (0.13–1.74)	0.264	0.68 (0.12–3.94)	0.671
Trouble waking up
No	1
Yes	0.95 (0.38–2.36)	0.909
Vision problems
No	1		1
Yes	0.49 0.16–1.57)	0.233	0.42 (0.08–2.06)	0.282
Dry mouth
No	1
Yes	0.88 (0.33–2.35)	0.807
Drooling of saliva
No	1
Yes	0.89 (0.24–3.34)	0.865
Memory problems
No	1
Yes	0.94 (0.38–2.36)	0.901
Constipation
No	1		1
Yes	1.73 (0.66–4.57)	0.265	2.45 (0.59–10.13)	0.217
Weight changes
Decrease	0.29 (0.06–1.54)	0.148	1.34 (0.18–9.85)	0.772
Increase	0.60 (0.22–1.64)	0.318	6.66 (0.73–60.51)	0.092
No change	1		1
Sexual arousal problems
No	1
Yes	1.06 (0.42–2.65)	0.901
Menstrual changes
No	1		1
Yes	2.27 (0.77–6.67)	0.135	1.22 (0.26–5.60)	0.798
Total number of side effects experienced	0.89 (0.76–1.04)	0.138