Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumor

Natanzi, Naveed; Amini, Mazyar; Yamini, David; Nielsen, Shawn; Ram, Ramin

doi:https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/938325

Scholarly Research Exchange

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2009 | Article ID 938325 | https://doi.org/10.3814/2009/938325

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumor

Naveed Natanzi,^1,2Mazyar Amini,^1,2David Yamini,^1,2Shawn Nielsen,^1,2and Ramin Ram^1,2

Received13 Oct 2008

Accepted18 Feb 2009

Published05 Apr 2009

Abstract

Background and aim. Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm which causes voluminous watery diarrhea via hypersecretion of electrolytes and water from the intestinal mucosa through a vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated, cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. The acid base imbalance generated by the loss of water and electrolytes leads to severe dehydration and potential renal failure, which can ultimately result in death if left untreated. This paper aims to review the clinical, histological, radiological, and diagnostic features of this disease as well as the therapeutic modalities in treating this condition. Methods. A review of literature was performed using MEDLINE, Pubmed, and Cochrane databases in collection of data using MeSH terms including vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIPoma, and WDHA. Results and conclusion. Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neoplasm associated with significant morbidity and mortality through secretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract. The nonspecific clinical presentation of this neoplasm can pose diagnostic challenges, as these tumors can be easily misdiagnosed as other conditions, ranging from laxative overdose to the presence of a carcinoid secreting tumor. Nevertheless, a number of imaging and laboratory studies can facilitate the correct evaluation and diagnosis of VIPoma. Following proper diagnosis, VIPomas are treated by either medical or surgical modalities depending on the existence and extent of metastasis.

References

J. V. Verner and A. B. Morrison, “Islet cell tumor and a syndrome of refractory watery diarrhea and hypokalemia,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 374–380, 1958.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. J. Krejs, “VIPoma syndrome,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 37–48, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Schoevaerdts, L. Favet, D. Zekry, C. C. Sieber, and J. P. Michel, “Vipoma: effective treatment with octreotide in the oldest old,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 496–497, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Drivas, R. Mansberg, and J. M. Roberts, “VIPoma: a rare cause of a pancreatic mass,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 201–203, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Murphy, A. Sibal, and J. R. Mann, “Persistent diarrhoea and occult vipomas in children,” British Medical Journal, vol. 320, no. 7248, pp. 1524–1526, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Keller, J. C. Mueller-Wolf, K. Ahmadi-Simab, C. Fibbe, U. Rosien, and P. Layer, “Do elevated plasma Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) levels cause small intestinal motor disturbances in humans?,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 276–282, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Y. Peng, J. T. Li, Y. B. Liu et al., “Diagnosis and treatment of VIPoma in China: (case report and 31 cases review) diagnosis and treatment of VIPoma,” Pancreas, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 93–97, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Quak, K. Prabhakaran, R. Kwok, and A. P. O'Reilly, “Vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting tumours in children: a case report with literature review,” Australian Paediatric Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 55–58, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
M. G. Kane and T. M. O'Dorisio, “VIPoma syndrome,” Seminars in Oncology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 282–291, 1983.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Aspestrand, F. Kolmannskog, and M. Jacobsen, “CT, MR imaging and angiography in pancreatic apudomas,” Acta Radiologica, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 468–473, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Vick, C. J. Zech, S. Höpfner, T. Waggershauser, and M. Reiser, “Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas,” Radiologe, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 293–300, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. C. Semelka, C. M. Custodio, N. Cem Balci, and J. T. Woosley, “Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: spectrum of appearances on MRI,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 141–148, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Anderson, S. Carpenter, N. W. Thompson, T. T. Nostrant, G. H. Elta, and J. M. Scheiman, “Endoscopic ultrasound is highly accurate and directs management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 2271–2277, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Ardengh, G. A. de Paulo, and A. P. Ferrari, “EUS-guided FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors before surgery,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 378–384, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. C. Shin, S. Lahoti, and N. Sneige, “Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in 179 cases: the M. D. Anderson cancer center experience,” Cancer, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 174–180, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute, “Pancreatic tumors: miscellaneous islet cell carcinoma,” July 2006, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/isletcell/HealthProfessional/page8.
View at: Google Scholar
C. G. Moertel, C. M. Johnson, M. A. McKusick et al., “The management of patients with advanced carcinoid tumors and islet cell carcinomas,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 302–309, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
N. L. Kelekis and R. C. Semelka, “MRI of pancreatic tumors,” European Radiology, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 875–886, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Virgolini, T. Traub-Weidinger, and C. Decristoforo, “Nuclear medicine in the detection and management of pancreatic islet-cell tumours,” Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 213–227, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Virgolini, A. Kurtaran, M. Leimer et al., “Location of a VIPoma by iodine-123-vasoactive intestinal peptide scintigraphy,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1575–1579, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Scheffold, R. Arnold, and J. Cyran, “Metastasizing VIPoma of the pancreas: diagnostic aspects and treatment with octreotide (somatostatin analogue),” Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol. 120, no. 43, pp. 1463–1467, 1995 (German).
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Riestra, A. Suárez, L. Rodrigo et al., “Vipoma of the pancreas. Apropos of a case and review of the literature,” Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas: Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 377–383, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Ram, N. Natanzi, P. Saadat, D. Eliav, and M. S. Vadmal, “Skin metastasis of pancreatic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide tumor: case report and review of the literature,” Archives of Dermatology, vol. 142, no. 7, pp. 946–947, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Moug, E. Leen, P. G. Horgan, and C. W. Imrie, “Radiofrequency ablation has a valuable therapeutic role in metastatic VIPoma,” Pancreatology, vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 155–159, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. G. Moertel, M. Lefkopoulo, S. Lipsitz, R. G. Hahn, and D. Klaassen, “Streptozocin-doxorubicin, streptozocin-fluorouracil, or chlorozotocin in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 326, no. 8, pp. 519–523, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Cellier, C. Yaghi, E. Cuillerier et al., “Metastatic jejunal VIPoma: beneficial effect of combination therapy with interferon- $α$ and 5-fluorouracil,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 289–293, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Eriksson and K. Oberg, “An update of the medical treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors,” Acta Oncologica, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 203–208, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. C. Case, K. Wirfel, and R. Vassilopoulou-Sellin, “Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumor (VIPoma) with liver metastases: dramatic and durable symptomatic benefit from hepatic artery embolization, a case report,” Medical Oncology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 181–187, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ito, M. Kasturagi, H. Otsuji et al., “Transcatheter embolization of metastatic liver VIPoma: report of a case,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Radiology, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1169–1172, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
M. T. Tauber, A. G. Harris, and P. Rochiccioli, “Clinical use of the long acting somatostatin analogue octreotide in pediatrics,” European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 304–310, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. D. Buchanan, “Effects of sandostatin on neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal system,” Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol. 129, pp. 45–55, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
S. R. Bloom, “Vipoma, glucagonoma and the role of Sandostatin,” NATNews, vol. 26, no. 7, p. 15, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
A. W. Kirkpatrick, S. S. Hanna, and B. A. J. Skinner, “Surgical treatment of pancreatic cholera: a case report,” Canadian Journal of Surgery, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 155–158, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Brichard, R. Fiasse, J. P. Buts et al., “Vipoma in an adolescent: treatment with a delayed-action somatostatin analog, octreotide or SMS 201-995, and surgical removal,” Acta Gastroenterologica Belgica, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 188–197, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2009 Naveed Natanzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

574

Downloads

0

Citations