Analysis of Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Carcinosarcoma of the Breast

Tian, Yao; Liu, Xiaofeng; Li, Yingxi; Meng, Qingxiang; Jia, Yumian; Wang, Baichuan; He, Xianghui

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3614979

The Breast Journal

On this page

Abstract Background Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 3614979 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3614979

Analysis of Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Carcinosarcoma of the Breast

Yao Tian,^1,2,3,4Xiaofeng Liu,^3,4Yingxi Li,⁵Qingxiang Meng,^4,6Yumian Jia,^3,4,7Baichuan Wang,^8,9and Xianghui He¹

Academic Editor: Anjali Mishra

Received14 Feb 2022

Accepted03 Jun 2022

Published01 Jul 2022

Abstract

Background. Few cases of carcinosarcoma of the breast have been reported because of its low incidence rate and rapid progression. Seeking effective therapeutic methods becomes urgent in clinical practice. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of carcinosarcoma of the breast and to explore proper therapeutic methods for patients with this rare tumor. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis on 47 patients with carcinosarcoma of the breast receiving treatment in our hospital from 2003 to 2020. Most of these patients received primary surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, while four patients had lumpectomy only. Statistics showed no preference in age and menopausal status of patients. Results. The overall survival rate and progression-free survival rate of all patients at a median follow-up time of 33 months were 63.8% and 57.4%, respectively. Tumor size at diagnosis and chemotherapy strategies were both significant prognostic factors in reference to disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of the patients (tumor size: for DFS and for OS; therapeutic method: for DFS and for OS). N stage at diagnosis was significant only with reference to overall survival of the patients (). EGFR expression was positive in some patients. Conclusions. Our results elucidated that the patients received comprehensive therapy, especially adjuvant chemotherapy was indispensable for better outcomes. Early detection and treatment were necessary for a higher survival rate when the tumor size was less than 5 cm without lymph node metastasis. Prospective outcomes with novel strategies targeting EGFR need to be further investigated.

1. Background

Carcinosarcoma of the breast (CSB) is an extraordinarily rare disease, accounting for 0.08–0.2% of all breast malignancies. It was firstly reported by Virchow in 1864 [1, 2]. CSB was referred to as a type of metaplastic carcinoma by the World Health Organization in 2003 [3]. As a highly heterogenous disease, CSB is usually observed with two completely different cell lines containing breast ductal carcinoma component and sarcoma-like component, which is often defined as a tumor with mixed histological characteristics containing both epithelial and mesenchymal tissues without a transitional zone [2, 4–6]. Loss of intercellular adhesion is a key characteristic of CSB, exhibiting downregulation of epithelial markers and upregulation of mesenchymal-related proteins. Meanwhile, the immunoreactivity of vimentin, actin, and S-100 was also confirmed in previous investigations [5, 7, 8].

However, the histogenesis of CSB is still controversial. The spindle cells, cystosarcoma phyllodes, preexisting fibroadenoma, and cystic microenvironment are thought to contribute to the origin of carcinosarcoma in previous reports [9–12]. Due to the remarkably low incidence of CSB, neither basic research nor clinical studies on therapeutic outcomes and prognosis have been defined. Until now, the prognosis and optimal therapy of CSB is not clear enough to generate standard guidelines. In comparison with patients with classical types of breast cancer, patients with CSB are believed to achieve a worse prognosis because of its lower differentiation degree in tumor cells, higher histological grade, and aggressiveness [2, 13–15]. There are still some other reports suggesting no difference in the survival rate of CSB and that of other “typical” invasive breast tumors [16].

To present a more precise and comprehensive summary of the characteristics of CSB, we retrospectively studied 47 patients with CSB in our hospital and further correlated demographic features and clinical information with therapeutic outcomes and prognosis of the patients. We hope our investigations can provide significant evidences for the standard treatment towards carcinosarcoma of the breast in the future.

2. Methods

2.1. Patients

47 patients diagnosed with CSB from 2003 to 2020 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical information was collected from their medical records, including demographic characteristics, surgery methods, pathological and immunohistochemical results, TNM stages, subsequent treatment strategies, follow-up data, and prognosis. The study was approved by the IRB of hospital. Relevant investigations were conducted according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. Diagnosis

All reviewed patients were diagnosed to have CSB by two or more senior pathologists in our hospital. The most important characteristic of CSB was defined as a tumor histologically containing both epithelial and mesenchymal elements without a transitional zone between them [2, 4–6]. Positivity of an estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) was defined as more than 1% of tumor cells with positive nuclear staining by immunohistochemistry. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) was analyzed according to the criteria of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/the College of American Pathologists (CAP). Intensity patterns with scores 0 to 1+ were defined as negative and 3+ as positive; while those scored as 2+ were suggested to be further evaluated with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

2.3. Treatment Strategies

According to the standard treatment of breast cancer formulated in our hospital, patients underwent surgery first and were then diagnosed. Of the total forty-seven patients, the majority (44/47, 93.6%) of patients received mastectomy as their primary therapeutic method; while only three patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to operation. 6 patients received radical mastectomy and 37 patients received modified radical mastectomy. The remaining 4 patients had lumpectomy and refused further treatment.

The chemotherapy regimens mainly consisted of administration of cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, and other antineoplastic agents. Two patients received cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, comprising the CMF regimen. 6 patients adopted epirubicin and docetaxel, comprising the TE regimen. Docetaxel and cisplatin (regimen TP) were recommended to 3 patients. 10 patients turned to an induction backbone of docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide, comprising the TEC regimen. One patient received cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and cisplatin (regimen CEP). Courses were recommended to be repeated every 3 weeks.

2.4. Follow-Up

Patients were followed up every 3 months after the completion of treatment for the first two years. B-scan ultrasonography, mammography, and blood examination were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. Follow-up visit was conducted every 6–12 months after treatment from the third year. By October 1^st, 2020, all 47 patients were followed up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from the time of diagnosis until disease progression. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of diagnosis and death for any reason or the last contact with the patient if no event occurred.

2.5. Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry of tissues from patients with CSB was conducted according to the standard protocol of the Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory in our hospital. In brief, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections of CSB tissues were subjected to immunostaining with primary antibodies of 34βE12, CK8/18, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, vimentin, and EGFR. 2-μm thick tissue sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and subjected to antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (10 mM, pH 6.0). The sections were incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibody at 1 : 100 dilution and then stained with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. After visualization of immunoreactivity, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted. Adjacent noncancerous tissues were used as internal controls. The staining results were determined as follows: positive when immunoreactivity was observed and negative when immunoreactivity was absent.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

The statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the collected data. The χ² test was used to assess categorical variables and the Student’s independent t-test to compare continuous variables. Cumulative survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used for single-factor analysis. All values were two-tailed, and was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Patient Characteristics

Demographic characteristics of the patients are recorded in Table 1. All 47 patients included in this study, ranging from 22 to 83 years old, were female, and the median age was 53 years old. A palpable lump without pain was the most common symptom. Tumor size was determined by a postoperative pathological inspection or maximum diameter of computerized tomography (CT) if neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed. The maximum size at the time of diagnosis ranged from 1 to 10 cm (mean 3.7 cm and median 3.5 cm). 35 patients (35/47, 74.5%) had a tumor smaller than 5 cm, while 12 patients (12/47, 25.5%) had larger than 5 cm. Lymph node metastasis occurred in 8 patients (8/47, 17.0%). According to the staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, more than 70% of (T1: 9/47, 19.1%; T2: 26/47, 55.3%) patients were in the early stage of breast malignancy. 9 patients (9/47, 19.1%) were diagnosed at stage I, 33 patients (33/47, 70.2%) at stage II, and 5 patients (5/47, 10.6%) at stage III. Of the patients with an obtainable hormone receptor state, there were no patients exhibiting ER positive, 3 patients (3/47, 6.4%) with PR positive, and only one patient (1/47, 2.1%) with HER2/neu positive. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was available in only 20 patients for lack of accurate data, and 16 patients (16/20, 34%) were positive.

3.2. Pathological Features

H&E images and immunohistochemistry results of a representative patient with CSB are shown in Figure 1. Considering the particularity of CSB tissue components, we selected the visual field which included both carcinoma and sarcoma tissues to comprehensively determine the overall expression of each protein, as well as to identify the difference between the carcinoma tissue and sarcoma tissue.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

According to the results, we can conclude that the main immunohistochemical characteristics of CSB were positive in CK and 34βE12, while negative in ER, PR, and HER2. The expression of vimentin was positive in sarcoma components, while negative in other adjacent tissue components, indicating a heterogenous status of CSB. In addition, EGFR was positively expressed in both cancerous and sarcoma components, indicating that targeting EGFR may be effective in inhibiting the proliferation of both carcinoma and sarcoma components.

3.3. Prognosis of the Patients

Up to the terminal date of this study, 30 patients were alive while three relapsed but lived with breast cancer. 17 patients had died of palindromia. With a median follow-up time of 33 months (range 1–208 months) for patients, the OS rate and PFS rate were 63.8% and 57.4%, respectively (Figures 2 and 3).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The information of components in the tumor was available in 8 patients. Of these, the epithelial components composed of infiltrative ductal carcinoma occurred in 7 patients and adenocarcinoma in 1 patient. Mesenchymal component in 2 patients turned to be chondrosarcoma, 3 fibroblastic, 2 osteoblastic, and 1 fatty sarcoma.

According to the univariate analysis shown in Tables 2 and 3, DFS of patients was significantly affected by the tumor size (), therapeutic method (), TI (time interval between first discomfort and first consultation) (), and adjuvant chemotherapy (). The OS rate of patients was significantly affected by the tumor size (), N stage at diagnosis (), therapeutic method (), TI (), and adjuvant chemotherapy (). According to the above data, patients whose tumor size was larger than 5 cm with lymph node metastasis had a poor prognosis. Patients who received comprehensive therapy, especially adjuvant chemotherapy, had better outcomes in both DFS and OS, indicating that adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant predictor in the prognosis of patients. However, univariate analysis showed that the age, menopausal status, and T stage at diagnosis did not have an impact on both OS and DFS of patients.

Based on the Cox proportional hazards regression model, we found that TI and adjuvant chemotherapy are independent prognostic factors of DFS in patients with carcinosarcoma. However, in terms of OS of patients with CSB, independent prognostic factors are TI, N stage at diagnosis, and adjuvant chemotherapy.

4. Discussion

The morbidity of carcinosarcoma of the breast is rare. Most investigations about the clinical features and therapeutic methods of CSB are sporadic case reports at present. Characterized by the inexistent region of the transitional edge between the epithelial and mesenchymal elements, this aggressive tumor often presents as high-grade, poorly differentiated large lumps with negative lymph node and hormone receptors [14,17]. Owing to a larger cohort of patients, our study provides some details on its characteristics and therapeutic methods.

Given the exiguity of CSB, its origin is still in dispute. Myoepithelial cells, myofibroblastic metaplasia, preexisting fibroadenomas, and phyllodes tumors were considered contributing to the tumorigenesis in previous reports [5, 12, 18–20]. Myoepithelial source theory prevailed because of its biopotential differentiation capacity [20]. Pathologically, previous studies have demonstrated that the epithelial components in CSB may range from infiltrative ductal carcinoma to adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, or in situ carcinoma. In terms of morphology, the mesenchymal components may manifest as undifferentiated sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, or osteosarcoma [21–23]. Consistent with previous reports, we found that the most significant composition of the tumor obtained was infiltrative ductal carcinoma and chondrosarcoma.

Compared with other classic types of breast cancer, the median tumor size of CSB is usually larger, which varies between 3.5 and 5.3 cm [24–26] at the first visit. While larger median tumor diameter was reported in some individual studies [14]. In parallel with the previous studies, the median diameter of tumors enrolled in our study was 3.50 cm. According to univariate analysis in our patients, tumor size is a vital predictor of OS (, tumor size <5 cm vs. ≥5 cm) and DFS (, tumor size <5 cm vs. ≥5 cm). This result is similar to that in the earlier study by Wargotz ES et al. which clarified the relationship between tumor size and death or progression [5]. When classified by T stage (T1 vs. T2, T3, and T4), it indicated that T stage at diagnosis had no impact on OS () and DFS () in our study. However, in a report from MD Anderson, T stage and survival rate were strongly correlated [17]. This difference may correlate with the race of the enrolled patients, as the main statistics of our study were Chinese patients, while the investigation conducted by MD Anderson enrolled Caucasian patients.

Because of the rarity of CSB and its lack of effective systemic management, there exists a disagreement about the 5-year survival rate in the published literature, which varies from 49–68% [25]. A detailed study revealed that OS was stage-related and the 5-year OS rate at stage I, II, III, and IV was 0.73, 0.59, 0.44, and 0, respectively. Esses KM [16] reported that the survival rate was not statistically different between CSB and invasive breast cancer, but the prognosis was reported to be poorer in most studies due to its aggressiveness and recurrence [1,13,14]. The survival rates in our patients were better than those in the preceding reports, where the 5-year OS rate and DFS rate were 72.2% and 56.3%, respectively. Probably early diagnosis and the average small tumor size contributed to this result.

The optimal method for CSB therapy is unclear. Currently, the remedy of CSB is to a great extent similar to that of classic breast carcinoma. Due to the invasiveness and sarcomatous path, mastectomy is commonly performed [27]. Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) was recommended in the majority of previous reports [12–14], especially for patients with T2 or higher stage disease [17]. In our study, only 4 patients received lumpectomy and half of them relapsed. At the last follow-up visit, 15 patients receiving MRM had recurrences. Whether MRM is safe and effective for CSB is inconclusive. Consistent with other reports, CMF chemotherapy and anthracycline/taxol-based therapy occupied the major choice in adjuvant chemotherapy of CSB and the latter was reported to be more valid [6,12]. However, because of the rare cases, we could not prove which one was more effective.

Nowadays, most of the studies have addressed the role of the inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for the potential treatment of CSB [28, 29]. In a previous study, amplification and overexpression of EGFR gene occurred in 14 out of 20 patients suffering from metaplastic carcinomas (MCS) [28], but whether patients can benefit from targeted drugs such as gefitinib or cetuximab should be further identified. In our study, the same small series, 10 out of 17 patients with available EGFR expression results were positive, but none of them received gefitinib or cetuximab. Despite the lack of data, we hypothesized that targeted drugs are safe and effective towards CSB. Accordingly, we would recommend novel therapeutic methods combining EGFR-targeting drugs in the future.

5. Conclusion

Our study elucidated that carcinosarcoma of the breast is clinically aggressive with poor prognosis mainly because of the high probability of recurrence. Patients who received comprehensive treatment, especially adjuvant chemotherapy, achieved better outcomes. Early detection and treatment were indispensable for a higher survival rate when the tumor size was less than 5 cm and without lymph node metastasis. As EGFR was positively expressed in several patients with CSB, novel therapeutic strategies targeting EGFR will be a promising method for the treatment of CSB, which need to be further investigated.

Abbreviations

CSB:	Carcinosarcoma of the breast
DFS:	Disease-free survival
EGFR:	Epidermal growth factor receptor
ER:	Estrogen receptor
FFPE:	Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
HER2:	Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
MCS:	Metaplastic carcinomas
MRM:	Modified radical mastectomy
OS:	Overall survival
PR:	Progesterone receptor.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Relevant investigations were conducted according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.

Authors’ Contributions

X. He was the guarantor of integrity of the entire study; Y. Tian, X. Liu, and X. He were responsible for study concepts and design; Y. Tian, X. Liu, and Q. Meng performed literature research; Y. Tian, X. Liu, Y. Li, and Y. Jia carried out clinical study; Y. Tian, Q. Meng, and B. Wang were responsible for data analysis; Y. Tian, Q. Meng, and B. Wang were responsible for statistical analysis; Y. Tian, X. Liu, and Y. Li prepared the manuscript; Y. Tian, X. Liu, and X. He edited the manuscript. Y. Tian, X. Liu, and Y. Li were contributed equally for the manuscript.

References

A. Accurso, G. Ciancia, G. A. Della Corte et al., “A rare case of true carcinosarcoma of the breast,” International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, vol. 21, pp. 125–128, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhong, H. Shen, and Y. Yuan, “Intraductal carcinoma and carcinosarcoma with bone metastases presenting in one breast: a case report,” Oncology Letters, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2678–2680, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Bocker, “WHO classification of breast tumors and tumors of the female genital organs: pathology and genetics,” Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie, vol. 86, pp. 116–119, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Kang, S. Kang, Q. Li, and X. Zheng, “Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal metaplastic carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) of the breast: a case report,” European Journal of Medical Research, vol. 19, no. 1, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. S. Wargotz and H. J. Norris, “Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. III. Carcinosarcoma,” Cancer, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1490–1499, 1989.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Tokudome, G. Sakamoto, T. Sakai et al., “A case of carcinosarcoma of the breast,” Breast Cancer, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 149–153, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. Thiery, “Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 442–454, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. W. Thompson, D. F. Newgreen, and D. Tarin, “Carcinoma invasion and metastasis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition?” Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 14, pp. 1–5, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Cil, A. Altintas, S. Pasa, and A. Isikdogan, “Primary spindle cell sarcoma of the breast,” Breast Care, vol. 3, pp. 197–199, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. Teixeira, H. Qvist, P. J. Bohler, N. Pandis, and S. Heim, “Cytogenetic analysis shows that carcinosarcomas of the breast are of monoclonal origin,” Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 145–151, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. M. Kurian, A. Al-Nafussi, and A. Al-NAfussi, “Sarcomatoid/metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases,” Histopathology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Wada, T. Enomoto, M. Tsujimoto, T. Nomura, Y. Murata, and K. R. Shroyer, “Carcinosarcoma of the breast: molecular-biological study for analysis of histogenesis,” Human Pathology, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1324–1328, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Ilhan, E. Vardar, G. Ozkok et al., “A rare tumour of the breast: carcinosarcoma,” Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, vol. 2, pp. 96–98, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Cornette, W. A. A. Tjalma, and P. Buytaert, “Biphasic sarcomatoid carcinoma or carcinosarcoma of the breast: prognosis and therapy,” European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 514–516, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Tian and D. Xu, “Diagnosis and management of multiple carcinosarcoma of the breast in a young Chinese patient,” Breast Care, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 147–149, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. M. Esses, R. M. Hagmaier, S. A. Blanchard, J. J. Lazarchick, and A. I. Riker, “Carcinosarcoma of the breast: two case reports and review of the literature,” Cases Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. T. Hennessy, S. Giordano, K. Broglio et al., “Biphasic metaplastic sarcomatoid carcinoma of the breast,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 605–613, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Harris and V. Persaud, “Carcinosarcoma of the breast,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 99–105, 1974.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Bolton and K. Sieunarine, “Carcinosarcoma: a rare tumour of the breast,” ANZ Journal of Surgery, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 917–919, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Gogas, E. Kouskos, C. Markopoulos et al., “Carcinosarcoma of the breast: report of two cases,” European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 93–95, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
T. L. Pope Jr., R. E. Fechner, and A. N. Brenbridge, “Carcinosarcoma of the breast: radiologic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic correlation,” Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, vol. 38, pp. 50-51, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
G. R. Gibson and L. Lai, “Metaplastic breast cancer: clinical traits and outcomes,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 22, no. 14_suppl, p. 844, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. M. Tse, P. H. Tan, T. C. Putti, P. C. W. Lui, B. Chaiwun, and B. K. B. Law, “Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathological review,” Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 1079–1083, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Oberman, “Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. A clinicopathologic study of 29 patients,” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 918–929, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Beatty, M. Atwood, R. Tickman, and M. Reiner, “Metaplastic breast cancer: clinical significance,” The American Journal of Surgery, vol. 191, no. 5, pp. 657–664, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Luini, M. Aguilar, G. Gatti et al., “Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast, an unusual disease with worse prognosis: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology and review of the literature,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 349–353, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Vorburger, Y. Xing, K. K. Hunt et al., “Angiosarcoma of the breast,” Cancer, vol. 104, no. 12, pp. 2682–2688, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Leibl and F. Moinfar, “Metaplastic breast carcinomas are negative for Her-2 but frequently express EGFR (Her-1): potential relevance to adjuvant treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors?” Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 700–704, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Okubo, J. Kurebayashi, T. Otsuki, Y. Yamamoto, K. TanaKa, and H. Sonoo, “Additive antitumour effect of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) and the antioestrogen fulvestrant (Faslodex, ICI 182, 780) in breast cancer cells,” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 236–244, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Yao Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

407

Downloads

464

Citations