Gender-Related Barriers and Delays in Accessing Tuberculosis Diagnostic and Treatment Services: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Table 2

Characteristics of included studies.

First author; Year	Country; WHO region^a	Number of participants	Percentage of; females	Participant; characteristics	Research; setting	Data collection; methods	Type of barrier reported
Atre; 2011 [24]	India; SEARO	160	50	Community members	Rural	Interviews	Individual-level
Deribew; 2010 [27]	Ethiopia; AFRO	750	58	Community members	Rural and urban	Questionnaires; FGDs	Individual-level
Mavhu; 2010 [42]	Zimbabwe; AFRO	40	45	Community members	Urban	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level
Onifade; 2010 [20]	Peru; AMRO	53	NR	TB patients; health workers	Urban	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Rundi; 2010 [34]	Malaysia; WPRO	58	53	TB patients; family members; health workers	Rural	Interviews	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Skordis-Worrall; 2010 [44]	South Africa; AFRO	8 FGD; 6–8 each	NR	TB patients; community members	Urban	FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Gosoniu; 2008 [28]	Bangladesh, India, Malawi; SEARO, AFRO	329	49	TB patients	Rural and urban	Interviews	Individual-level
Jaggarajamma; 2008 [29]	India; SEARO	276	31	TB patients	Rural and urban	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level
Somma; 2008 [35]	Bangladesh, India, Malawi, Colombia; SEARO, AMRO	400	50	TB patients	Rural and urban	Interviews	Individual-level
Weiss; 2008 [39]	Bangladesh, India, Malawi; SEARO, AFRO	329	49	TB patients	Rural and urban	Interviews	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Baral; 2007 [26]	Nepal; SEARO	34	NR	TB patients; family members; community members	Kathmandu Valley	Interviews	Individual-level
Ganapathy; 2008 [41]	India; SEARO	16 FGD	NR	Community members	Urban	FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Karim; 2007 [31]	Bangladesh; SEARO	102	49	TB patients	Rural	Interviews	Individual-level
Yan; 2007 [37]	China; WPRO	16–22 FGD; 82 interviews	NR	TB patients; community members	Rural	Questionnaires; interviews; FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Zhang; 2007 [23]	China; WPRO	714	50	Rural farmers	Rural	FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Fochsen; 2006 [40]	India; SEARO	22	23	Health care providers	Rural and urban	Interviews	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Atre; 2004 [25]	India; SEARO	160	50	Community members	Rural	Interviews	Individual-level
Eastwood; 2004 [19]	The Gambia; AFRO	45	40	TB patients; health; workers	Medical unit	Questionnaires; FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Rodríguez-Reimann 2004 [43]	USA; AMRO	166	53	Community members w/TB positive family member	Urban	Questionnaires	Individual-level
Sanou; 2004 [21]	Burkina Faso; AFRO	28 FGD; 8–12 each; 68 interviews	NR	TB patients; non-TB patients; community members; traditional healers	Rural and urban	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level
Thorson; 2004 [22]	Vietnam; WPRO	5 FGD; 7-8 each; 3 interviews	33	Physicians	General hospital; TB units	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level
Xu; 2004 [36]	China; WPRO	16 FGD	31	TB patients; health workers; health providers	Rural	FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Long; 2001 [32]	Vietnam; WPRO	16 FGD; 8–10 each	NR	TB patients; non-TB patients	Rural and urban	FGDs	Individual-level
Johansson; 2000 [30]	Vietnam; WPRO	4 FGD; 8–10 each	NR	TB patients; community members	Rural and urban	FGDs	Individual-level; Provider-/system-level
Ngamvithayapong; 2000 [33]	Thailand; WPRO	85	33	Community members; healthcare staff	Rural and urban	FGDs	Individual-level
Long; 1999 [38]	Vietnam; WPRO	16 FGD; 8–10 each	NR	TB patients; non-TB patients	Rural and urban	FGDs	Individual-level
Rajeswari; 1999 [17]	India; SEARO	304	39	TB patients; non-TB patients	Rural and urban	Interviews; FGDs	Individual-level
Liefooghe; 1995 [18]	Pakistan; SEARO	48	50	TB patients	Mission hospital	FGDs	Individual-level

FGD: focus group discussion; NR: not reported; TB: tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization.
^aWHO regions: AFRO (African Region), AMRO (Americas Region), SEARO (Southeast Asian Region), and WPRO (Western Pacific Region).