Mechanism Strain* Demonstrated effect Reference Immune B. longum Improvement of clinical appearance of chronic inflammation in patients, decreases in TNF-
𝛼
and IL-1
𝛼
[6 ] BIFICO (3 bifidobacteria species) Prevention of flare-ups of chronic ulcerative colitis, inactivation of NF-
𝜅
B, decreased expressions of TNF-
𝛼
and IL-1
𝛽
and elevated expression of IL-10 [7 ] L. salivarius ssp. salivarius CECT5713Recovery of inflamed tissue in TNBS model of rat colitis, increase in TNF-
𝛼
and iNOS (inducible NO synthase) expression [8 ] L. fermentum , L.reuteri Improvement of histology in a TNBS model of rat colitis, decreased levels of TNF-
𝛼
and i-NOS expression [9 ] L. casei ShirotaImprovement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IFN-γ [10 ] L. casei DN-114 001Reduction in numbers of activated T lymphocytes in the lamina propria of Crohn’s disease mucosa, decrease of IL-6 and TNF-α [11 ] L. plantarum 299vDecreased IL-12, IFN-γ and IG2a at the mucosal level of specific pathogen free IL-10 KO mice. Decreased mesenteric lymph node IL-12 and IFN-γ production as well as histologic colitis scores in the pretreatment of GF mice that were exposed to normal flora. [12 ] L. rhamnosus GGAlleviating intestinal inflammation, decrease TNF-
𝛼
. Specific inhibition of macrophages TNF-
𝛼
production by a contact independent mechanism [13 , 14 ] L. salivarus UCC118Reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines in IL-10 KO mice injected subcutaneously with the probiotic strain [15 ] Microbiota alteration L. salivarus UCC118Reduction of C.perfringes , coliforms and enterococcus levels in IL-10 KO mice [16 ] Production of a peptide that inhibits a broad range of pathogens such as Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria and Salmonella species [17 ] L reuteri Decreased concentration of colonic Lactobacillus species and increased concentration of mucosal adherent bacteria associated with colitis attenuation [18 ] VSL#3 Delayed relapse into pouchitis after surgical resection in human patients [19 ] Decreased luminal pH in patients with UC that antagonizes pathogenic bacteria [20 ] Reduced counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in pouchitis [21 ] Delayed relapse into pouchitis after surgical resection [22 ] Unknown L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus Lc705, P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and B. breve Bb99 Alleviating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms [23 ] B. and L. plantarum Improvement of the disease activity index in an induced rat colitis model [24 ] L. rhamnosus GGImprovement in the clinical status in children with mildly to moderately active stable Crohn’s disease [25 ] L. casei ShirotaImprovement in the clinical condition of murin DSS model of ulcerative colitis [26 ]