Review Article

High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography Coupled with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection as a Powerful Tool to Evaluate Carbohydrates of Food Interest: Principles and Applications

Table 1

Most employed columns for HPAEC-PAD analysis*.

ColumnSpecificationsSamplesNotes

CarboPac MA17.5 μm diameter vinylbenzylchloride-divinylbenzene macroporous substrate fully functionalized with alkyl quaternary ammonium groups (15% crosslinked)Reduced mono- and disaccharide alditol analysesOther carbohydrates: fucose, N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, mannose, galactose

CarboPac PA110 μm diameter substrate (polystyrene 2% crosslinked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with MicroBead quaternary ammonium functionalized latex (5% crosslinked)Mono- and disaccharides, oligosaccharidesColumn well suited for the analysis of food for nutrition labelling

CarboPac PA1010 μm diameter substrate (ethylvinylbenzene 55% cross linked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with a 460 nm MicroBead difunctional quaternary ammonium ion (5% crosslinked)Mono- and disaccharides, glucosamine, galactosamine; sialic acidsIdeal for the analysis of mono- and disaccharides in foods, drugs, and plants

CarboPac PA206.5 μm diameter substrate (ethylvinylbenzene 55% crosslinked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with a 130 nm MicroBead difunctional quaternary ammonium ion (5% crosslinked)Mono- and disaccharidesHigh resolution regarding the six monosaccharides commonly found in mammalian glycoproteins

CarboPac PA1008.5 μm diameter substrate (ethylvinylbenzene 55% crosslinked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with a 275 nm MicroBead quaternary amine functionalized latex (6% crosslinked)Separation of closely related oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides released from glycoproteins which can differ in size, charge, branching, and linkageSeparation of neutral and charged oligosaccharides in the same run
Separation of closely related oligosaccharides

CarboPac PA2005.5 μm diameter substrate (ethylvinylbenzene 55% crosslinked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with a 43 nm MicroBead quaternary amine functionalized latex (6% crosslinked)OligosaccharidesSeparations based on size, charge, degree of branching, and linkage isomerism

CarboPac SA106.0 μm diameter substrate (ethylvinylbenzene 55% crosslinked with divinylbenzene) agglomerated with a 55 nm MicroBead quaternary ammonium ion (4.5% crosslinked)Mono- and disaccharidesFast analysis of mono- and disaccharides of food interest.

*As reported in technical note from Dionex (Thermo Fisher Inc.).