A Review of Instrumented Equipment to Investigate Head Impacts in Sport

Table 1

HIT System studies of male athletes during training and games.

Study	Season(s)	Sport	Level (age)	Players	Impacts	Concussions
Duma et al. [39, 40]	2003	American football	Collegiate	38	3312	1
Brolinson et al. [41]	2003-2004	American football	Collegiate	52	11,604	3
Gwin et al. [42]	2005	Ice hockey	Collegiate	4	1875	0
Greenwald et al. [43]	2003–2006	American football	Collegiate	423	249,613	11
	2005	Ice hockey	Collegiate	5	5463	0
Funk et al. [44]	2003–2005	American football	Collegiate	56	22,704	3
Funk et al. [45]	2003–2007	American football	Collegiate	64	27,319	4
Guskiewicz et al. [46]	2004–2006	American football	Collegiate	88	104,714	13
Mihalik et al. [47]	2005-2006	American football	Collegiate	72	57,024	0
Schnebel et al. [48]	2005	American football	High school	16	8326	3
			Collegiate	40	54,154	3
Greenwald et al. [49]	2004–2006	American football	High school	190	99,862	6
			Collegiate	259	190,054	11
Mihalik et al. [50]	2006/2007	Ice hockey	Youth (13 years)	14	4543	0
Beckwith et al. [51]	2005–2008	American football	High school, collegiate	52	71,390	55
Brainard et al. [52]	2008-2009	Ice hockey	Collegiate	10	Not reported	0
Broglio et al. [53]	2007	American football	High school	35	19,224	0
Cubos et al. [54]	2006/2007	Ice hockey	Youth (13-14 years)	13	1137	0
Duma and Rowson [55]	2003–2008	American football	Collegiate	64	71,300	6
Gwin et al. [56]	2005-2006	Ice hockey	Collegiate	12	4393	0
Rowson et al. [57]	2007	American football	Collegiate	10	1712	0
Broglio et al. [58]	2005–2008	American football	High school	78	54,247	13
Crisco et al. [59]	2007	American football	Collegiate	188	Not reported	0
Broglio et al. [58]	2007–2010	American football	High school	95	101,994	20
Mihalik et al. [60]	Not reported	Ice hockey	Youth (14 years)	16	Not reported	0
Reed et al. [61]	2006-2007	Ice hockey	Youth (13-14 years)	13	1821	0
Kimpara et al. [62]	2007-2008	American football	Collegiate	19	4709	0
Beckwith et al. [63, 64]; Beckwith et al. [65]	2005–2010	American football	High school, collegiate	1208	Not reported	105
Brainard et al. [66]	2008/2009-2009/2010	Ice hockey	Collegiate	44	15,281	0
Breedlove et al. [67]	2009-2010	American football	High school	24	Not reported	4
Daniel II et al. [68, 69]	Not reported	American football	Youth (7–8 years)	7	748	0
Duhaime et al. [70]	Not reported	American football, ice hockey	Collegiate	450	486,594	48
Funk et al. [71]	2006–2010	American football	Collegiate	98	37,128	8
Gysland et al. [72]	Not reported	American football	Collegiate	46	Not reported	0
Mihalik et al. [73]	Not reported	Ice hockey	Youth (13–16 years)	52	12,253	0
Ocwieja et al. [74]	2010	American football	Collegiate	46	7992	0
Rowson et al. [75]	2007–2009	American football	Collegiate	335	300,977	57
Rowson et al. [76]; Urban et al. [77]	2012	American football	Youth (7–12 years),; middle school,; high school	112	34,603	8
Cobb et al. [78]	Not reported	American football	Youth (9–12 years)	50	11,978	4
Talavage et al. [79]	2009	American football	High school	21	15,264	4
Urban et al. [77, 80]; Stitzel et al. [81]	Not reported	American football	High school	40	16,502	5
Daniel II et al. [82]	2012	American football	Youth (12–14 years)	17	4678	1
Stitzel et al. [81]	Not reported	American football	Youth (9–12 years)	36	9772	0
Wilcox et al. [83]	2009/2010–2011/2012	Ice hockey	Collegiate	41	19,880	0
Young et al. [84]	2011-2012	American football	Youth (7-8 years)	19	3059	0
Cummiskey [85]	2013	American football	High school	12	224	0
Munce et al. [86]	Not reported	American football	Youth (11–13 years)	22	6183	1

Number of recorded impacts that surpass a predefined minimum linear acceleration threshold.