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Reference | Sport | Aim | Subjects | Tasks | Muscles (segment) | Outcomes |
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[68] Hug et al. 2010 | Cycling | Examine muscle synergy variability | 9 cyclists | Pedalling | 10 (lower limb) | (i) Similar muscle synergy vectors (ii) Similar activation profiles |
[69] Hug et al. 2011 | Cycling | Evaluate the effect of movement mechanics | 11 cyclists | Pedalling | 11 (lower limb) | (i) Training can be performed at low power output |
[70] Turpin et al. 2011 | Rowing | Verify the effects of power output | 7 rowers 8 untrained subjects | 2000 m rowing | 21 (full-body) | (i) Similar muscle synergies were found in the two walking conditions |
[71] Turpin et al. 2011 | Rowing | Evaluate the effect of expertise | 7 rowers 8 untrained subjects | 2-min rowing | 23 (full-body) | (i) Similar activation profiles between groups (ii) Different muscle synergy vectors between groups |
[72] Frère and Hug 2012 | Artistic gymnastics | Examine muscle synergy variability | 9 gymnasts | Backward giant swings | 12 (full-body) | (i) Three synergies for all subjects (ii) Difference in the third synergy |
[73] Frère et al. 2012 | Athletics | Evaluate the catapult effect on maximum height | 7 vaulters | 10 pole vaults | 10 (upper limbs) | (i) Similar activation profiles (ii) Different muscle synergy vectors (iii) No influence on maximum height |
[74] De Marchis et al. 2013 | Cycling | Investigate the muscle coordination | 9 untrained subjects | Pedalling | 8 (lower limb) | (i) More synergies with respect to expertise (ii) Variability of activation profiles (iii) Similarity of muscle synergy vectors |
[76] Cruz Ruiz et al. 2015 | Football | Design controllers for avatar animation | 1 footballer | Right-hand throws | 16 (trunk and upper limb) | (i) Three synergies for all throws (ii) Repeatable and robust synergies |
[77] Kristiansen et al. 2015 | Fitness | Evaluate the effect of expertise | 10 lifters 9 untrained subjects | Bench press | 9 (full-body) | (i) Less variability in expert (ii) Use composition of muscle synergies as performance index |
[78] Kristiansen et al. 2016 | Fitness | Assess change in motor control after a 5-week training | 30 untrained subjects | Bench press | 13 (full-body) | (i) No difference after training (ii) Higher maximum load after training |
[79] Smale et al. 2016 | Fitness | Verify the effect of fatigue | 9 healthy subjects | Two-leg squatting | 12 (lower limb) | (i) Difference in muscle synergy composition after fatigue (ii) Muscle synergy as index of fatigue |
[80] Kristiansen et al. 2016 | Fitness | Evaluate the between-day reliability | 21 healthy subjects | Bench press | 13 (full-body) | (i) Same muscle synergy organization across days |
[81] Shaharudin and Agrawal 2016 | Rowing | Evaluate the effect of incremental power output | 10 rowers 10 untrained subjects | Rowing | 16 (full-body) | (i) Similar activation profiles between groups (ii) Muscle coordination influence rowing economy |
[82] Vaz et al. 2016 | Swimming | Evaluate the effect of expertise | 8 swimmers 8 beginners | 25 m breaststroke | 8 (full-body) | (i) No different muscle synergy organization between groups (ii) Different activation time in expert |
[83] Chen et al. 2017 | Fitness | Investigate the intra- and interlimb muscle coordination | 20 healthy subjects | Crawling | 32 (full-body) | (i) Two synergies for both limbs (ii) Different muscle synergy vectors among speeds |
[84] Kim et al. 2017 | Ice hockey | Evaluate the response to balance perturbation | 7 expert 7 untrained subjects | Balance perturbation | 16 (full-body) | (i) Specific synergy to control head movement in expert |
[85] Nishida et al. 2017 | Athletics | Evaluate the effect of strike patterns | 10 healthy subjects | Running | 12 (trunk and lower limbs) | (i) Different synergy vectors, timing, and duration of activation profiles |
[86] Turpin et al. 2017 | Cycling | Evaluate the effect of seating and standing position | 17 untrained subjects | Pedalling | 9 (lower limb) | (i) Four synergies for all subjects (ii) Similar muscle synergy organization between positions |
[87] Turpin et al. 2017 | Cycling | Evaluate the effect of seating and standing position | 17 untrained subjects | Pedalling | 7 (trunk and upper limb) | (i) Three synergies for all subjects (ii) Greater activation during standing position |
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