Investigation of the Effect of Neck Muscle Active Force on Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine

Table 1

Peak head rotations and relative vertebral rotations for each collision severity (flexion is positive rotation).

Rotations (deg.)	8 g		15 g		22 g
Frontal collision severity	Passive	Active	Passive	Active	Passive	Active
Head	53.06	52.58	73.68	72.53	114.32	111.61
C1-C2	2.98	2.92	3.85	3.48	6.86	6.73
C2-C3	6.71	6.53	9.25	9.04	14.61	14.55
C3-C4	5.73	5.42	7.24	7.19	10.36	10.40
C4-C5	6.88	6.35	9.45	9.40	13.58	13.57
C5-C6	8.65	8.62	11.07	11.04	13.80	13.71
C6-C7	9.92	9.83	13.16	13.02	18.24	18.14
Rear-end collision severity	4 g		7 g		10 g
Rotations (deg.)	Passive	Active	Passive	Active	Passive	Active
Head	−46.76	−43.37	−62.27	−59.48	−97.00	−95.94
C1-C2	−7.63	−7.15	−13.69	−13.17	−15.47	−16.90
C2-C3	−5.12	−5.12	−7.94	−7.20	−11.69	−11.44
C3-C4	−4.88	−4.04	−6.13	−5.52	−9.64	−9.43
C4-C5	−3.63	−3.12	−3.78	−3.59	−4.98	−4.57
C5-C6	−4.65	−4.33	−4.04	−3.54	−7.26	−6.99
C6-C7	−4.98	−4.73	−5.92	−5.45	−8.87	−8.22