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| Obstacle category | Obstacles that prevent BIM use | Current findings: BIM use on educational buildings | Previous research: BIM use on general type of the buildings |
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| Cost | Cost of software and new hardware to keep up with the software | ✓ | Lee et al. [3], Gheisari and Irizarry [4], Ahn et al. [7], Won et al. [22], Ganbat et al. [51], Samuelson and Björk [52] |
| Cost of hiring experienced staff | ✓ | |
| Lack of substantial quantifiable benefits and evaluation methods | ✓ | Won et al. [22], Smith [65] |
| Fast-paced and small-sized projects do not justify the time needed for the cost of implementing BIM | ✓ | |
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| Demand | Not enough owner demand | ✓ | |
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| BIM professionals | Lack of expertise and need for training | ✓ | Lu et al. [1], Gheisari and Irizarry [4], Ahn et al. [7], Won et al. [22], Ganbat et al. [51], Samuelson and Björk [52], Lee et al. [3], Cefrio [9], Gu and London [23] |
| Unclear responsibilities, assigned roles, and BIM deliverables | ✓ | Lee et al. [3], Gu and London [23], Hamdi and Leite [45] |
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| BIM process | Disruption in workflow to implement new BIM processes | ✓ | |
| Vulnerability or security of file sharing | | Won et al. [22], Ganbat et al. [51] |
| Lack of software interoperability | ✓ | Gheisari and Irizarry [4], Miettinen and Paavola [25], Ganbat et al. [51], Cao et al. [44], Hamdi and Leite [45] |
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| Legal issues | Lack of BIM standards | ✓ | |
| Lack of precedence, established laws, and regulations about BIM use | | Hamdi and Leite [45] |
| Legal liabilities of the BIM process | ✓ | Lee et al. [3], Ahn et al. [7], Eastman et al. [8] |
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