Simplified Method for Calculating the Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls of Narrow Backfill Width Based on DEM Analysis

<div>Comparison of the distribution of normalized active earth pressures (<i>σ</i><sub><i>x</i></sub>/<i>γ</i><sub><i>z</i></sub>) along normalized depth (<i>z</i>/<i>b</i>) among the PFC-2D results, experimental data, and theoretical solutions.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Simplified Method for Calculating the Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls of Narrow Backfill Width Based on DEM Analysis 