Neuronal Antibodies and Associated Syndromes

Table 1

Studies Investigating Autoantibodies Associated with Neurological Disorders.

Citation	Study Purpose	Design	Findings
Lai et al. 2010 [15]	To examine the relationship between LGI1 and limbic encephalitis.	Case series	This study identified potassium channels as critical elements in the association between LGI1 and limbic encephalitis.
Lancaster et al. 2011 [16]	To investigate Caspr2 and the development of encephalitis and NMT.	Systematic review	Caspr2 is a critical autoantigen involved in encephalitis and NMT.
Balint et al. 2015 [17]	To examine the genetic and neurological bases of dystonia syndromes.	Systematic review	Dystonia syndromes occur due to a combination of factors that can compromise neurological system function.
Armangue et al. 2014a [18]	To explore the links among brain autoimmunity, Herpes simplex virus, and encephalitis.	Systematic review	Herpes simplex virus can trigger brain autoimmunity and contribute to the development of encephalitis.
Arino et al. 2014 [19]	To study the effect of cerebellar ataxia and GAD antibodies on the development of neurological disorders.	Systematic review	The study revealed that the immunologic profile of cerebellar ataxia and GAD antibodies contributes to the development of neurological diseases.
Lancaster 2016 [33]	To explore the development, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis.	Systematic review	Autoimmune encephalitis leads to deficits in cognition and memory. The autoantibody testing showed the involvement of different types of autoimmune responses in the development of this condition.
Berger, Hottenrott, Rauer, Stich 2017 [34]	To investigate the prevalence of onconeural antibodies predicting paraneoplastic etiology.	Retrospective cohort study	All patients were negative for antibodies targeting intracellular onconeural antigens, including PNMA1, PNMA2, Zic4, CRMP5, and SOX1.
Liu et al. 2017 [35]	To explore the clinical course of NMDAR encephalitis.	Systematic review	NMDAR encephalitis is a potentially lethal autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Anti-NMDAR antibodies play a critical pathogenic role in the development of this condition.
Kim et al. 2014 [36]	To examine pediatric autoimmune encephalitis cases based on anti-neuronal antibody tests.	Randomized controlled trial	In total, 23 cases were included in this study. Eight patients tested positive for the anti-NMDAR antibody, and an additional patient tested positive for the anti-CASPR2 antibody.
Murinson and Guarnaccia 2008 [37]	To examine the distinguishing clinical features of amphiphysin Ab-associated stiff person syndrome.	Longitudinal study	In a sample population of 621 patients, 116 patients had GAD antibodies, while another 11 patients had amphiphysin antibodies.
Panzer and Dalmau [38]	To explore immune-mediated movement disorders with an emphasis on treatment, novel antigens, and clinical–immunological associations.	Systematic review	This study showed that movement disorders are usually immune-mediated. Recognition of clinical–immunological associations in these disorders helps with their diagnosis and successful treatment.
Grant and Graus 2009 [39]	To examine the development, progression, and treatment of paraneoplastic movement disorders.	Systematic review	This study showed that paraneoplastic movement disorders are rare conditions caused by nonmetastatic autoimmune complications and are associated with different serum antibodies, such as those targeting mGluR1, Ta, Tr, PCA-2, ANNA-3, and VGCCA.
Psimaras, Carpentier, and Rossi 2010 [40]	To examine a wide range of paraneoplastic patients and characterize alterations in CSF.	Longitudinal study	The researchers found abnormal CSF in 93 percent of the patients. Additionally, an elevated number of cells were reported in 47 percent of the patients before the third month.
Rakocevic G, Floeter MK 2012 [41]	To examine the clinical spectrum, neurophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options for stiff person syndrome.	Systematic review	This study showed that stiff person syndrome is often idiopathic and related to antibodies against GAD and other proteins that impair GABA synthesis.
Jung, Jeong, Kim, Kim, and Jeon 2014 [42]	To explore cases of stiff person syndrome with favorable outcomes.	Case study	This study reported that stiff person syndrome is a rare disorder often characterized by spasms and fluctuating muscular rigidity. This condition is often associated with antibodies against GAD.