Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sandy-Textured Soils under Smallholder Agricultural Land Use Practices in Sarawak, East Malaysia

Table 3

Soil profile description of representative study sites from various agricultural land uses.

Land use	Horizon	Depth (cm)	Boundary^a	Colour	Texture	Structure^b	Consistency^c	Hardness^d (mm)	Organic matter	Root^e	Moisture^f
Secondary forest (fallowed approx. 50 years)	O	0–10
	EA	10–20	cw	7.5YR 3/2	SL	w g	ss/sp	6	High	1-4/c-m	m
	E	20–40	gw	10YR 6/2	LS	m sbk	ss/sp	16	Low	1-3/vf-f	sm
	Bh	40–70+	cw	7.5YR 3/4	SL	m sbk	ss/sp	21	High	1-2/vf	sm
N 01°04′33.1″, E 110°58′25.9″; 12°
Rubber (cultivated approx. 17 years)	O	0–7
	AE	7–25	gw	7.5YR 2.5/3	SL	w g	ss/sp	11	High	1-3/c-m	m
	E	25–70+	cw	7.5YR 7/1	SL	m sbk	ss/sp	20	Low	1-3/vf	sm
N 01°04′31.3″, E 110°58′31.3″; 10.4°
Oil palm (cultivated for 1 year)	O	0–2
	EA	2–25	cw	10YR 6/6	LS	w m	ns/np	17	Low	1-2/vf-f	sm
	E	25–45	dw	7.5YR 6/2	SL	w g	ss/sp	20	Low	1/vf	sm
	Bh	45–70+	cw	10YR 3/3	SL	m sbk	ss/sp	21	High	n	sm
N 01°04′35.7″, E 110°57′55.9″; 12.6°
Pepper (cultivated for 1 year)	O	0–2
	E1	2–15	cw	7.5YR 6/2	LS	w g	ns/np	13	Low	1-3/vf-f	sm
	E2	15–40	cw	7.5YR 7/1	SL	w sbk	ns/np	19	Low	1-2/vf-f	sm
	Bh	45–70+	dw	10YR 6/2	SL	m sbk	ss/sp	24	Low	n	sm
N 01°04′30.7″, E 110°58′20.8″; 11.4°

^aAbbreviations used for boundary (distinctness and topography): Distinctness: a, abrupt; c, clear; g, gradual; d, diffuse. Topography: s, smooth; w, wavy; i, irregular; b, broken. ^bAbbreviations used for structure (grade and type): Grade: ns, no structure; w, weak; m, moderate; s, strong. Type: m, massive; g, granular; sbk, subangular blocky. ^cAbbreviations used for consistency (stickiness and plasticity): Stickiness: ns, not sticky; ss, slightly sticky; s, sticky; vs, very sticky. Plasticity: np, not plastic; sp, slightly plastic; p, plastic; vp, very plastic. ^dMeasured by Yamanaka-type push cone penetrometer. ^eAbbreviations used for roots (size and abundance): Size: 1, very fine; 2, fine; 3, medium; 4, course. Abundance: n, none; vf, very few; f, few; c, common; m, many. ^fAbbreviations used for moisture: sm, slightly moist; m, moist.