Substitution of Carbazole Modified Fluorenes as π-Extension in Ru(II) Complex-Influence on Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Figure 4

Frontier molecular orbitals of 4,4′-bis(9,9-dibutyl-7-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine (L1); (a) LUMO+4; (b) LUMO+3; (c) LUMO+2; (d) LUMO+1; (e) LUMO; (f) HOMO; (g) HOMO−1; (h) HOMO−2; (i) HOMO−3; (j) HOMO−4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)