Review Article
Pathology and Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Spine Syndrome: Whiplash Injury
Table 1
Neurological symptoms after whiplash injury [
1].
| Headaches | Migraine-type headache | Tension-type headache | Cervicogenic-type headache | Temporomandibular joint derangement | Greater occipital neuralgia | Third occipital headache |
| Cognitive and psychological symptoms | Memory, attention, or concentration impairment | Sleep disturbance | Psychiatric disorders: anxiety, depression, phobic travel, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Dizziness | Vestibular dysfunction | Cervical origin | Brainstem dysfunction |
| Visual symptoms | Blurred vision | Reduced visual field | Photophobia | Disordered fusion | Reading and driving difficulties | Reduced accommodation |
| Paresthesias | Trigger points | Brachial plexopathy | Cervical radiculopathy | Spinal cord compression |
| Weakness | Brachial plexopathy | Cervical radiculopathy | Spinal cord compression |
| Rare symptoms | Torticollis | Tremor | Transient global amnesia | Hypoglossal nerve palsy | Superior laryngeal nerve paralysis | Cervical epidural hematoma | Brainstem infarct | Internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection | Symptomatic Chiari malformation |
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