Microencapsulation Delivery System in Food Industry—Challenge and the Way Forward

Table 1

Overview of microcapsules with various characteristics and bioactive effects.

Wall material	Core material	Embedding technology	Characteristics	Bioactive effect	Ref.
Algal extract
Chitosan, alginate, chitosan/alginate, chitosan/inulin	Coriander essential oil	Spray-drying	Swelling degree ↑,; Release rate ↑,; Resistant to pH and temperature variations ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑		[6]
Sodium alginate and calcium chloride	Wine waste	Vibration nozzle	Polyphenol stability ↑		[7]
Sodium alginate/sodium alginate-citric pectin	Lactobacillus plantarum	Electrospray	Cell viability ↑,; L. plantarum BL011 survival ↑		[8]
Sugarcane bagasse and sodium alginate	Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 442	Extrusion	Thermotolerance ↑,; Cell survivability ↑		[9]
Cellulose
Alginate with supplementation of cellulose derivatives (methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12	Freeze-drying	The survival of LAB12 ↑	Protective delivery for probiotic strains	[10]
Carboxymethyl cellulose or pullulan	Tuna oil, tuna oil/peppermint oil	Spray-drying	Spherical microcapsules with a smooth surface,; Oxidative stability ↑	Higher antioxidant capacity	[11]
Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and microcrystalline cellulose	Astaxanthin	Spray-drying	Astaxanthin retention value↑,; Attractive color	Improved DPPH-scavenging activity	[12]
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose	Fish oil	Supercritical fluid collection	Particle flowability ↑,; Particle density, wettability, and porosity ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑,; Oxidative stability ↑		[13]
Yeast cells with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose	Fish oil	Freeze-drying	External surface of the microcapsules ↓,; Oxygen diffusion rate ↓		[14]
Chitosan
Chitosan and chitosan/k-carrageenan	Pimenta dioica essential oil	Complex coacervation	The release rate increases with the chitosan content	Antimicrobial	[15]
Chitosan and inulin	Lactobacillus casei	Vibrating nozzle	L. casei survival rate ↑		[16]
Chitosan/xanthan and chitosan/pectin	Palm oil	Complex coacervation	Controlled release		[17]
High methoxyl pectin-alginate and chitosan	Kenaf seed oil	Coextrusion	Controlled release	Increased radical scavenging activities and tocopherols content	[18]
Pectin
Pectin and milk protein–carbohydrate mixture	Fish oil	Spray-drying	Oil leakage ↓		[19]
Whey protein hydrolysate/pectin	Fish oil	Spray-drying	Thickness of the interfacial layer ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑	Increased antioxidant activity	[20]
Whey protein isolates and pectin	Anthocyanins	Freeze-drying	Flavonoid entrapment ↑,; Thermal stability ↑	Antioxidant	[21]
Starch
Maltodextrin and modified corn starch	Swiss cheese bioaroma	Spray-drying	Moisture and water activity ↓		[22]
Maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and modified starch	Curcumin	Spray and freeze-drying	Curcumin loss and color change ↓,; Curcumin retention and stability ↑		[23]
Porous starch granules from purple sweet potato	Olive oil	Osmosis or diffusion	Adsorption capacity ↑,; Oxidative stability ↑		[24]
Resistant starch (Hi-maize)	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Spray-drying	Probiotic survival rate ↑		[25]
Protein
Dairy proteins mixed with vegetable proteins	Sodium caseinate	Spray-drying	Droplet size↓,; Thermal stability ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑		[26]
Pea protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, maltodextrin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	Conjugated linoleic acid	Spray-drying	Solubility ↑,; Dispersibility ↑,; Glass-transition temperature values ↑		[27]
Whey protein concentrate with mesquite gum	Chia oil	Spray-drying	Kinetic parameters ↓	Antioxidant	[28]
Zein	Geoffroea decorticans extract	Electrospray	Water sorption ↑,; Release properties ↑	Inhibitory activity on metabolic syndrome enzymes	[29]
Composite materials
Alginate, pectin and gelatin complexes	Lactobacillus plantarum and DHA-rich oil	Freeze-drying	Smoothness and compactness of the particle surface ↑,; Thermal stability ↑	Higher survivability of encapsulated probiotics	[30]
Chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate, chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose	Carotenoids	Complex coacervation	Controlled release,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑		[31]
Gum Arabic and modified starch together with either whey protein concentrate or soy protein isolate	Jussara pulp	Spray-drying	Process yield ↑,; Solubility ↑,; Total anthocyanin retention ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑		[32]
Gum Arabic, maltodextrin, and cellulose nanofibrils	Sweet orange essential oil	Spray-drying	Emulsion viscosity ↑,; The droplet size ↓,; Release rate ↑,; Encapsulation efficiency ↑		[33]