Review Article
The Formation of Biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review of the Natural and Synthetic Compounds Interfering with Control Mechanisms
Table 3
Factors affecting biofilm lifestyle regulation.
| Biofilm lifestyle cycle | Stage I Reversible attachment | Stage II Irreversible attachment | Stage III Maturation-1 (microcolony development) | Stage IV Maturation-2 (maintenance) | Stage V Dispersion |
| Implicated factors | c-di-GMP | (i) Flagella and type IV pili (ii) Adhesins (iii) Psl, Pel | (i) Cell-to-cell communication lasIā (ii) Type IV fimbriae (iii) Matrix components: Psl, Pel, eDNA (iv) Lectin A, B (v) rhlA | (i) Cell-to-cell communication (ii) Matrix components: Psl, Pel, eDNA (iii) rhlA | Rhamnolipids |
| General target | (i) Promoting planktonic lifestyle (ii) Blocking switch from planktonic to biofilm lifestyle | Reducing initial adhesion and interaction | Interfering with QS communication | (i) Reactivating metabolic activity for antibiotic efficiency. (ii) Interfering with QS communication | Promoting dispersion and degradation |
| Examples of extracts or compounds | (i) Ginger extract (ii) Ursolic acid | (i) Casbane diterpene (ii) Coumarate ester | Coumarate ester | (i) Solenopsin A (ii) Naringenin (iii) Furanone C-30 and -56 (iv) Flavan-3-ol Catechin (v) Ajoene (vi) Coumarate ester | DNAse I, 1L2 |
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