Dose of GO (μ g/mL) Cell line Diameter (nm) Time (h) Toxic effect Reference 3.125-200 Human erythrocytes Human skin fibroblasts CRL-2522 342-765 24 Hemolytic activity, ROS generation, LDH release, decreased cell viability [86 ] 5-100 Human fibroblast cells 1 (height) 24 Dose-dependent cytotoxicity, apoptosis [79 ] 50–100 Mouse CT26 colon carcinoma cell Thickness: <2 Lateral size: 450 18 Triggered autophagy, enhances cell death [96 ] 100-500 MDA-MB-231 156.4 48 Dose-dependent cytotoxicity; DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis [77 ] 0–80 HeLa cells Size distribution: in PBS, in FBS 24 Released LDH, increased MDA and ROS generation, decreased SOD, reduction of cell viability [97 ] 20 Macrophage cell J774A.1 THP-1 cells HEK293 cells MEL cells HUT102 cells Smaller-sized GO: 50-350 Intermediate-sized GO: 350-750 Larger-sized GO: 750-1300 1-24 Size-dependent M1 induction of macrophages, proinflammatory responses [98 ] 10-200 Human lung epithelial A549 cells Thickness of 0.9 Lateral size: s-GO, m-GO, l-GO, 24 Dose-dependent oxidative stress, cell viability decreased at high concentration [80 ] 7.8, 15.6, 31.2, 62.5, and 125 MCF-7, HUVEC, KMBC/71 cells 100 4-24 h Significant alterations in the expression level of miR-21, miR-29a, Bax, Bcl2, and PTEN genes after treatment in all three cells Alteration in mitochondrial activity at cellular level [99 ] 50 Embryonic stem cell- (ESC-) derived cells Thickness 1.3 24 h No significant difference between the level of apoptosis of GO-treated hRPE cells and untreated hRPE controls [100 ]