|
| Authors [ref.] | Year and country | Age and gender | Underlying pathology | Propofol dose and duration | PRIS features | Treatment and outcome |
|
| Stelow et al. [31]. | 2000; USA | 47-year-old female and 41-year-old male | Bronchial asthma exacerbation | 200–222 mcg/kg/minute and >48 hours | Rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, cardiovascular collapse (female). Both patients were also treated with glucocorticosteroids for asthma | Renal replacement therapy, vasopressors. Female patient died, the outcome for a male patient not reported. |
|
| Perrier et al. [32]. | 2000; USA | 18-year-old male | Multiple trauma (including closed head trauma) after motor vehicle accident | ≥50 mg//hour and 98 hours | Bradycardia, left bundle branch block, lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and hyperkalemia
and cardiovascular collapse (pulseless electrical activity and asystole) | Inotropes, atropine. The patient died. |
|
| Cremer et al. [30]. | 2001;
Netherlands | 7 patients aged
16–55 years (no specific data provided) | Acute traumatic brain injury | 5.5 mg/kg/hour–7.4 mg/kg/hour;
65–177 hours | Cardiac arrhythmias in all patients, metabolic acidosis in 6 patients hyperkalemia in 6 patients, rhabdomyolysis in 4 patients, and lipemia in 3 patients | Pressors and inotropes. All patients died. |
|
| Badr et al. [33]. | 2001;
USA | 21-year-old female | Spontaneous
intracerebral hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformation | 4.5–9 mg/kg/hour;
>48 hours | Metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse | Pressors, inotropes, intravenous bicarbonate. The patient died. |
|
| Friedman et al. [34]. | 2002;
USA | 23-year-old female | Status
epilepticus | 200 mcg/kg/minute; 106 hours | Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, wide complex tachycardia, and cardiovascular collapse | The patient died, no treatment/management was reported. |
|
| Ernest and French [35]. | 2003;
Australia | 31-year-old male | Closed head injury | 4 mg/kg/hour;
157 hours | Metabolic acidosis, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse | None reported. The patient died. |
|
Casserly et al.
[36]. | 2004;
USA | 42-year-old male | Cerebral venous thrombosis | 12 mg/kg/hour;
>96 hours | Metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular collapse | Pressors, intravenous bicarbonate. The patient died. |
|
| Kumar et al. [37]. | 2005;
USA | 24-year-old female,
27-year-old female and 64-year-old
male | 24-year-old female with status epilepticus due to encephalitis,
27-year-old female with seizures due to intracerebral bleeding secondary to arteriovenous malformation and 64-year-old male with status epilepticus | 2.6 mg/kg/hour for 64 year old male (non reported for others); 24–86 hours | Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular collapse | Inotropes, transvenous pacing, intravenous bicarbonate, intravenous calcium. All patients died. |
|
| Machata et al. [38]. | 2005;
Austria | 40-year-old male | Motor vehicle
accident and cervical fracture | Dose not reported; 72 hours | Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, and fever | Continuous venovenous hemofiltration. The patient died from septic complication. |
|
| Eriksen and Povey [39]. | 2006;
Denmark | 20-year-old female | Polytrauma | 1.4–5.1 mg/kg/hour;
88 hours | Rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular collapse | Pressors, inotropes, intravenous bicarbonate. The patient died. |
|
| Merz et al. [40]. | 2006;
Switzerland | 24-year-old
male | Cervical spine injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The patient received high dose methylprednisolone | 2.6 mg/kg/hour (highest reported range); 86 hours | Hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular collapse | Pressors, inotropes. The patient died. |
|
| Corbett et al. [41]. | 2006;
USA | 21-year-old male | Traumatic brain injury | 31.6–105.5
mcg/kg/minute; 3 days | Metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiac dysfunction | Supportive treatment. The patient survived. |
|
| Zarovnaya et al. [42]. | 2007;
USA | 31-year-old female | Status epilepticus | 4.2–7.2 mg/kg/hour;
45 hours | Hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse | Pressors, inotropes, transvenous pacing, renal replacement therapy. The patient died. |
|
| Orsini et al. [43]. | 2009;
USA | 36-year-old female | HIV, Pneumonia, and sepsis | 1.5 mg/kg/hour;
7 days | Morbilliform rash, elevated liver enzymes, elevated pancreatic enzymes, elevated triglycerides, and hepatomegaly with hepatic fatty infiltration. The patient was also on glucocorticosteroids and vasopressors | Discontinuation of propofol infusion. The patient survived. |
|
| Ramaiah et al. [44]. | 2011; USA | 42-year-old morbidly obese female | Elective
parathyroidectomy | 4 mg/kg/hour; 65 hours | Rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, metabolic acidosis (also the patient developed septic shock secondary to ventilator associated pneumonia and urinary tract infection) | Vasopressors, renal replacement therapy. The patient survived her illness, but later died (65 days later, from tracheostomy occlusion in prone position due to fall). |
|
| Lee et al. [45]. | 2011;
Korea | 29-year-old female | Dilation and curettage for intrauterine fetal death | 100 mg bolus dose | Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular arrest | Calcium gluconate, furosemide, inotropes. The authors deemed other potential causes like anaphylaxis, primary respiratory failure and amniotic fluid embolism to be unlikely in her case. The patient died. |
|
| Faulkner et al. [46]. | 2011;
USA | 23-year-old male | Traumatic brain injury and status epilepticus | 4.8 mg/kg/hour;
5 days | Type I pattern of Brugada pattern on electrocardiography (ECG), rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic acidosis | Intravenous hydration, plasma exchange. ECG findings resolved 48 hours after discontinuation of propofol. The patient survived. |
|
| Annecke et al. [47]. | 2012;
Germany | 36-year-old female | Severe head trauma | 2.8 mg/kg/hour;
5 days | Rhabdomyolysis, Brugada syndrome pattern on ECG,
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular collapse | Vasopressors, inotropes, hemofiltration, transvenous pacing. The patient died. |
|
| Mijzen et al. [48]. | 2012;
Netherlands | 23-year-old male | Open skull fracture | 4.7–5.8 mg/kg/hour;
6 days | ECG changes (biphasic T waves, Brugada syndrome type 1 like pattern, S T segment depression, wide QRS complexes), hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular collapse | Calcium gluconate, insulin and dextrose, hemodialysis. The patient died. |
|
| Vanlander et al. [26]. | 2012;
Belgium | 40-year-old male | Head trauma, underlying blindness | 2.67–5.35 mg/kg/hour;
88 hours | Metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, Brugada syndrome type 1 like pattern. The patient was also on vasopressor | Carnithine, thiamine, vitamin B 12, renal replacement therapy. The patient died. Genetic testing demonstrated the presence of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. |
|
| Deters et al. [49]. | 2013;
USA | 35-year-old male | Status epilepticus | 150 mcg/kg/minute; 3 days | Rhabdomyolysis (day 3), metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, elevated liver enzymes, and Brugada syndrome like pattern (type 1) | Hemodialysis. The patient survived. |
|
| Agrawal et al. [50]. | 2013;
India | 53-year-old female | Polytrauma (subarachnoid hemorrhage, hepatic and pelvic bleeding, femoral neck fracture, and pelvic fractures) | 20–65 mcg/kg/min;
5 days | Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and cardiovascular collapse | Vasopressors. The patient died. |
|
| Pothineni et al. [51] |
2015;
USA | 25-year-old male | Head trauma and subdural hematoma | 75–100 mcg/kg/minute; 3 days | Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, elevated liver enzymes, and cardiovascular collapse | Amiodarone, lidocaine, continuous renal replacement therapy. The patient died. |
|
| Savard et al. [25]. | 2013;
Canada | 23-year-old female | Status epilepticus | 10.7 mg/kg/hour;
69 hours | Metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis. The patient was found to be positive for mutated polymerase gamma 1 mutation | Hemofiltration. The patient survived P RIS, but the care was later withdrawn (day 75) due to refractory status epilepticus and poor prognosis. |
|
| Mayette et al. [52]. | 2013;
USA | 20-year-old female | Status epilepticus | 9 mg/kg/hour;
2 days | Shock, elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, wide QRS, and ventricular tachycardia | Intravenous hydration, pressors, renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient survived. |
|
| Linko et al. [53]. | 2014;
Finland | 19-year-old female | Burn | Up to 6.95 mg/kg/hour;
11 days | Rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, right-sided cardiac failure, and Brugada
syndrome type 1 like pattern | Intravenous bicarbonate, continuous venovenous hemofiltration. The patient survived. |
|
| Bowdle et al. [54]. | 2014;
USA | 39 year
old female | Vestibular schwannoma | Up to 160 mcg/kg/minute; | Hypertriglyceridemia
(intraoperatively), elevated liver enzymes | The patient survived. |
|
| Diaz et al. [55]. | 2014;
USA | 38-year-old male | Abdominal gunshot wound | Up to 125 mcg/kg/minute; 5 days | Metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated liver enzymes | Pressors, hemodialysis. The patient died. |
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