Nanoparticle-Based Paramagnetic Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Table 1

Examples of nanoparticle-based paramagnetic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging included in this review.

Material	Size (nm)	r1 (mM^−1·s^−1)	r2 (mM^−1·s^−1)	Magnetic field (T)	Reference
Gd-Si-DTTA	37	19.7	60.0	3	[37]
MSN-DTTA-Gd	75	28.8	65.5	3	[38]
Gd-DOTA-MSNs	66.3 ± 6.6	33.6 ± 1.3	—	7	[39]
CeOx : Gd9%	3.8	13.4	25.8	1.41	[40]
GO-DOTA-Gd	20–50	14.2	—	11.7	[41]
iGd-TMV-Si	300 × 18 nm, 4 nm internal channel	29.7	—	1.41	[42]
Gd-DND	4.9	33.4	332.0	8	[43]
Hsp DTPA-Gd nanocage	37.1	47.4	—	1.5	[44]
DOTA(Gd)-Fe@Fe3O4	258	7.2	109.4	0.5	[45]
Gd-M-dots	14.58	23.4	123.3	3	[46]
Gd2O3	1.0	9.9	10.5	1.5	[15]
Silica-Gd2O3	91.5	30.8	—	0.55	[47]
Gd2O3 : Eu^3+	7.4 ± 0.3	34.3	—	3	[48]
QDs@DTDTPA-Gd	24.7 ± 2.7	9.9	—	3	[49]
A-C-dots@Ce6	98 ± 10	32.1	—	3	[50]
GBCAs-BP	70	15.4	73.5	3	[51]
GDO(Gd + Dy)	1.0	6.0	40.0	1.5	[52]
PEG-MnO	1.9	12.9	60.3	3	[53]
MnO	7	0.4	1.7	3	[16]
Mn3O4@CF	̴70	3.5	—	1.41	[17]
MnIO	17.3	57.8 ± 6.5	306.3 ± 15.2	0.5	[54]
OA-PL-HMON	—	1.1	9.2	3	[55]
NCP@peg-AA	78.6 ± 5.4	11.6	19.7	3	[56]
NPs-dopa-PEG-DOTA/RGD	26.4 ± 7.5	—	267.5	7	[57]
^64Cu-NOTA-FA-FI-PEG-PEI-Ac-Mn3O4	476.5 ± 13.5	1.0	—	0.5	[58]
Mn-LDH	48.0 ± 1.8	9.5 at pH 5.0; 1.2 at pH 7.4	—	16.4	[59]
Fe3O4@C@MnO2	150	5.3 at pH 5; 2.2 at pH 7.4	364.2 at pH 5; 442.4 at pH 7.4	3	[60]
MnO@Au NCs	45.0 ± 5.1	2.4 at pH 5.4; 1.2 at pH 7.4	—	7	[61]
Dy-MSNs-L	166.2 ± 1.9	—	143.5 ± 8.2	11.7	[20]
Dy(DOTA)-Cy7.5-TMV-PEG-DGEA	300 × 18 nm, 4 nm internal channel	—	399.0	9.4	[62]
DyF3	100.35	0.9	380.4	9.4	[63]
D2O3 (D-glucuronic acid coating)	3.2	0.008	65.0	1.5	[18]
NaDyF4	20.3	0.3	101.0	9.4	[19]
Dy-doped MnCO3	9.27 ± 0.72	4.5	—	7	[64]
Dy2O3 : Tb^3+	3.0 ± 0.3	—	2.2	7	[65]
PEG-NaGdF4:Dy	—	5.2	10.6	9.4	[66]
SiO2@Gd2O3 : Dy^3+	101.5	30.2	—	0.55	[67]
NaHoF4	28.9	0.6	222.6	7	[68]
PEG-Ho2O3	80–90	—	23.5	1.5	[69]
HoF3	94.3	0.6	608.4	9.4	[63]