Analysis of Healthcare Systems by Using Systemic Approach

Table 1

Summary of the cybernetic properties of the analyzed healthcare systems.

	Type 1	Type 2	Type 3	Type 4	Type 5
Types of agents	patients: autonomous; health service agents: autonomous	Patients: autonomous; health service agents: autonomous; insurance companies: autonomous; outer arbiter	patients: autonomous; health service agents: controllable health funds: controllable; outer organizer	Patients controllable; health service agents: controllable; Health Fund,; outer organizer	patients: autonomous; health service agents: autonomous
Type of; the whole system	autonomous	autonomous; with outer arbitration	partially; controllable	fully; controllable	autonomous
Energy dissipation	zero	minimal in the whole system,; significant in the healthcare subsystem	significant	huge	zero
Types of flows and delays in flows	money: no delays; requests: no delays; services: no delays	money: in some flows delays exist; requests: no delays; services: no delays; rulings: delays exist	money: delays exist; requests: no delays; services: no delays; rules: no delays; controls: no delays	money: delays exist; requests: no delays; services: delays exist; rules: delays exist; controls: delays exist	money: no delays; requests: no delays; services (?)
Payoff type; of the game	zero-sum	zero-sum in the whole system,; negative sum in the healthcare subsystem	negative sum	negative sum	zero-sum
Cooperativity; of the game	Tactically: partially cooperative; Strategically: non-cooperative	Tactically: partially cooperative; Cooperative: in the healthcare subsystem; Strategically: non-cooperative	non-cooperative	non-cooperative	cooperative
Privileged agents	do not exist	do not exist	health funds	National Health Fund, outer organizer	do not exist
Accumulators	many small individual	many big	a few very big	single huge	many big