Left Ventricular End-Systolic Volume Is a Reliable Predictor of New-Onset Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Table 2

Results of multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis.

	Univariable		Multivariable
	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value
Age, years	1.093 (1.032–1.157)	0.002	1.071 (1.009–1.137)	0.024
Female		0.629
BSA (m^2)		0.315
Systolic BP (mmHg)		0.841
Heart rate (beats/min)		0.435
Hemoglobin (g/dl)		0.482
Creatine (mg/dl)		0.560
Log BNP (pg/ml)	2.120 (1.542–2.915)	<0.001	1.533 (1.090–2.156)	0.014
Tau (msec)	1.061 (1.009–1.114)	0.020		0.205
Peak + dP/dt (mmHg/sec)		0.210
Peak − dP/dt (mmHg/sec)	1.001 (1.000–1.002)	0.019		0.496
CI (l/min/m^2)		0.692
LVEF (%)	0.935 (0.891–0.982)	0.007		0.249
LVEDVI (ml/m^2)	1.035 (1.013–1.058)	0.002		0.351
LVESVI (ml/m^2)	1.059 (1.027–1.092)	<0.001	1.051 (1.011–1.093)	0.013
LVEDP (mmHg)		0.084
Hypertension		0.305
Diabetes		0.356
Hyperlipidemia		0.874
Past history of MI		0.388
ACEI and/or ARB		0.456
Beta blocker		0.389
CCB		0.427
Diuretic agent		0.856

ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BSA, body surface area; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, cardiac index; dP/dt, the first derivative of left ventricular pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; MI, myocardial infarction.