VECM Model Analysis of Carbon Emissions, GDP, and International Crude Oil Prices

Table 8

Granger causality test.

Dependent variable: D(LCP)				The primary hypothesis
Excluded	Chi-sq	df	Prob.
D(LGDP)	3.337504	3	0.3425	Accept
D(LOP)	9.756523	3	0.0208	Refuse
All	16.11858	6	0.0131
Dependent variable: D(LGDP)
Excluded	Chi-sq	df	Prob.
D(LCP)	4.679288	3	0.1968	Accept
D(LOP)	22.11808	3	0.0001	Refuse
All	26.50551	6	0.0002
Dependent variable: D(LOP)
Excluded	Chi-sq	df	Prob.
D(LCP)	29.02233	3	0.0000	Refuse
D(LGDP)	18.91076	3	0.0003	Refuse
All	42.91822	6	0.0000