Disease Markers

Review Article

Protein-Based Salivary Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for Oral Diseases

Table 2

Use of protein-based techniques for biomarkers identification in oral mucosa diseases.


Base disease	Number of patients	Age of patients	Matrix	Analytical technique	Determined parameter	Range of concentrations	Endpoints	Reference

RAS	30 (10 controls, 20 cases)	M: 35.9	USWS	ELISA	Cortisol	Control: cortisol (0.64 ± 0.36 mg/dl); case: cortisol (0.57 ± 0.25 mg/dl)	↑Cortisol in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients vs. controls	[108]
RAS	68 (34 controls, 34 cases)	M: 23.29	USWS	ELISA	Cortisol and amylase	Control: cortisol (3.65 ± 2.5 ng/dl); amylase (128.74 ± 86.3 U/ml); case: cortisol (3.35 ± 1.8 ng/dl); amylase (155.09 ± 116.1 U/ml)	No significant differences	[109]
RAS	75 (25 controls, 50 cases)	M: 27.5	USWS	ELISA	MPO	Control: MPO (21.36 ± 14.73 U g⁻¹); case: MPO (19.22 ± 18.97 U g⁻¹).	No significant differences	[111]
RAS	62 (30 controls, 32 cases)	AR: 14–46	Unstimulated parotid saliva	ELISA	Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase	Control: superoxide dismutase (0.56 ± 0.11 U/mg protein); catalase (0.78 ± 0.03 U/mg); glutathione peroxidase (2.88 ± 0.18 U/mg). Case: superoxide dismutase 0.90 ± 0.04 (U/mg); catalase (0.90 ± 0.04 U/mg); glutathione peroxidase (1.70 ± 0.1 U/mg).	↑Superoxide dismutase, ↑glutathione peroxidase, and ↓catalase in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients vs. controls	[112]
RAS	52 (26 controls, 26 cases)	AR: 22–64	USWS	ELISA	IL-6 and TNF-α	Control: IL-6 (9.38 ± 9.23 pg/ml); TNF-α (7.88 ± 8.45 pg/ml); case: IL-6 (12.5 ± 17.51 pg/ml); TNF-α (28 ± 26.19 pg/ml).	↑IL-6 in recurrent aphthous stomatitis vs. controls	[114]
Behçet’s disease and RAS	119 (60 controls and 59 cases (33 Behçet’s disease and 16 recurrent aphthous stomatitis))	AR: 16–45	USWS	ELISA	Salivary epidermal growth factor	Control: salivary epidermal growth factor (2758.7 ± 81,657.9 pg/ml). Behçet’s disease: salivary epidermal growth factor (1939.7 ± 81,561.5 pg/ml). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: salivary epidermal growth factor (1650.5 ± 8704.7 pg/ml)	↓Salivary epidermal growth factor in recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and Behçet’s disease vs. controls	[115]
Pemphigus vulgaris	127 (77 controls, 50 cases)	M: 46.84	USWS	ELISA	Desmoglein 1 and 3	Control: all controls were below cut-off value; case: desmoglein 1 (58.25 ± 47.52 index value); desmoglein 3 (144.47 ± 53.42 index value)	↑Desmoglein 1 and ↑3 in pemphigus vulgaris patients vs. controls	[118]
BP	100 (50 controls, 50 cases)	AR: 38–91	USWS	ELISA	BP180 NC16a and BP230-C3	NR	BP180 NC16a useful as diagnostic marker for pemphigoid	[119]
Mucous membrane pemphigoid	114 (50 controls, 50 cases)	AR: 26–87	USWS and stimulated parotid saliva	ELISA	IgG and IgA	NR	IgA useful as diagnostic marker for pemphigoid	[120]
BMS	60 (30 controls, 30 cases)	M: 63.8	USWS	ELISA	Cortisol and α-amylase	Control: cortisol (3.69 ± 3.07 ng/ml); amylase (146.22 ± 130.4 IU/l); case: cortisol (4.50 ± 3.68 ng/ml); amylase (351.68 ± 142.5 IU/l)	↑Cortisol and ↑α-amylase in BMS patients vs controls	[122]
BMS	29 (14 controls, 15 cases)	M: 65.7	USWS and SWS	ELISA	Cortisol, 17b-estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and α-amylase		↑Cortisol in USWS, and of ↑17b-estradiol in SWS in BMS vs. controls	[123]
BMS	270 (90 controls, 180 cases)	AR: 15–88	USWS	ELISA	Albumin, lysozyme, amylase, IgM, IgG, and IgA	Control: albumin (9.36 ± 3.44 mg/dl); lysozyme (24.03 ± 3.38 mg/ml); amylase (1638.0 ± 372.0 IU/l); IgM (1.02 ± 0.06 mg/dl); IgG (0.79 ± 0.15 mg/dl); IgA (24.34 ± 1.26 mg/dl). Case: albumin (18.04 ± 2.56 mg/dl); lysozyme (28.10 ± 3.48 mg/dl); amylase (3030.0 ± 470.0 IU/l); IgM (2.19 ± 0.68 mg/dl); IgG (4.47 ± 0.76 mg/dl); IgA (33.15 ± 3.53 mg/dl)	↑Albumin, ↑IgA, ↑IgG, ↑IgM, and ↑lysozyme in BMS patients vs. controls	[124]
BMS	45 (30 controls, 15 cases)	M: 55.2	USWS	ELISA	IgA	Control: IgA (164.71 ± 158.80 μg/ml). Case: IgA (176.14 ± 97.23 μg/ml).	No significant differences	[125]
BMS	97 (50 controls, 47 cases (BMS, oral lichen planus, and RAS))	NR	USWS	ELISA	IgE	Control: IgE (20.6 ± 66.6 mg/dl). Case: IgE (8.07 ± 30.4 mg/dl)	No significant differences	[126]
BMS	38 (19 controls, 19 cases)	NR	USWS	LC-MS/MS validation via ELISA	Total proteins	RQ	↑Alpha-enolase, ↑IL-18, and ↑KLK13 in BMS vs. controls	[127]

Abbreviations: AR: age range; BMS: burning mouth syndrome; BP: bullous pemphigoid; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; KLK: kallikrein-related peptidase; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry; M: mean NR: not reported; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NC: noncollagenous; RAS: recurrent aphthous stomatitis; RQ: relative quantification; SWS: stimulated whole saliva; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UWSW: unstimulated whole saliva. for additional data see original source.