Plants Used by Bapedi Traditional Healers to Treat Asthma and Related Symptoms in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Table 1

Plant used to treat asthma and related symptoms in the Capricorn, Sekhukhune, and Waterberg districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Botanical family	Species names	Vernacular name	Habit	Used plant parts	State of use	Methods of herbal preparation and administration	Aliment/s treated	Frequency of use; n=THs; (140)		FL	UV
								UM	%
Acanthaceae	Blepharis diversispina; (Nees) C. B. Clarke	Setlwatlwa	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 3–5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	6	4.2	100	0.04
Acanthaceae	Blepharis subvolubilis; C. B. Clarke	Mookapitsi	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Alliaceae	Tulbaghia violacea Harv.; var. violacea	Moeye-ya-naga	Herb	Bulb	Fresh	Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	2	1.4	100	0.01
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	Khonofolo	Herb	Bulb	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	50	0.01
							Laboured breathing	1	0.7	50
Amaryllidaceae	Clivia caulescens R. A. Dyer	Maime	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 4–10 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Anacardiaceae	Harpephyllum caffrum; Bernh. ex Krauss	Motšhidi-tshwene	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica L	Momenko	Tree	Root	Fresh	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Anacardiaceae	Schinus molle L.	Thoba/; Mokwepere	Tree	Leaf	Fresh	Boiled for 5–7 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	14.2	0.05
							Fatigue	4	2.8	57.1
							Laboured breathing	2	1.4	28.5
Anacardiaceae	Sclerocarya birrea; (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp.; caffra (Sond.)	Morula/; Mokano	Tree	Bark	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of B. discolor and S. italica, and dried bark of P. africanum. Powered is poured in to the boiled water and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	100	100	1
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of A. erioloba, X. caffra, anddried bark of P. africanum. Taken orally with warm water	Asthma	1
						Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
				Fruit	Fresh	Juice is squeezed (raw), dried. and pounded. Powder is poured in the hot water. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	137
Apiaceae	Alepidea amatymbica Eckl.; & Zeyh. var. amatymbica	Lešokwane	Herb	Rhizome	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	11	7.8	100	0.07
Apocynaceae	Schizoglossum nitidum; Schltr	Phenyokga	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled (until water gains colour) and extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	2	1.4	66.6	0.02
							Nasal congestion	1	0.7	33.3
Apocynaceae	Strophanthus speciosus; (Ward & Harv.) Reber	Morarwane	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 6–12 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	15	10.7	100	0.10
Araceae	Stylochaeton natalensis Schott	Mokunya/; Mokušhete	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	140	100	100	1
Araceae	Zantedeschia aethiopica; (L.) Spreng.	Mothebe	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	7	5	100	0.05
Asphodelaceae	Aloe spp.	Thogo/; Marobadibogale	Shrub	Leaf	Fresh	Mixed with dried pounded leaf of D. senecioides. Boiled for 2 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	37.5	0.02
						Macerated in warm for 3–24 hrs. Decoction is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	5	3.5	62.5	0.03
Asphodeloideae	Aloe falcata Baker	Sekgopha	Shrub	Leaf	Fresh	Macerated in warm water 2–5 hrs. Decoction is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Asteraceae	Artemisia afra Jacq. ex; Willd. var. afra	Legana/; Moilanši	Herb	Leaf	Dry	Boiled for 3–7 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Wheezing	2	23.5	6	0.23
						Mixed with fresh leaf of C. sativa. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	8	17.8	75.7
						Pounded and mixed with dried powered bark of P. africanum. Taken orally with Syrup®. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Boiled for 4–5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	16
							Nasal congestion	6	4.2	18.1
Asteraceae	Callilepis laureola DC.	Phela/Hlonya/; Makuru/Pedipekanto	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 4–6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	10	9.2	86.6	0.10
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of Z. capense. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Mixed with fresh leaf of C. edulis. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Pounded and mixed with dried powered root of L. javanica. Boiled for 4 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Boiled for 7–9 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	1.4	13.3
						Pounded and mixed with dried powered whole plants of H. caespititium, leaves of L. javanica and T. dioica, and root of O. lanceolata. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1
Asteraceae	Dicoma anomala subsp.; gerrardii	Phelana/; Makušwaneng	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day; Or; Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Asteraceae	Helichrysum caespititium; (DC.) Harv.	Bokgatha	Herb	Whole plant	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of C. laureola and O. lanceolata, leaves of L. javanica and T. dioica. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Asteraceae	Helichrysum gymnocomum; DC.	Mpepho	Herb	Whole plant	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	2	1.4	100	0.01
Asteraceae	Pseudognaphalium luteo-; album (L.) Hilliard &; B.L.Burtt	Unknown	Herb	Leaf	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	2	1.4	100	0.01
Asteraceae	Psiadia punctulata (DC.); Vatke	Lesotlane/; Monotletšane/lesodi	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	7	5	53.8	0.05
						Boiled for 5–7 minutes. Steam is inhaled under (nasally) blanket. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	6	4.2	46.1	0.04
Asteraceae	Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.); Kuntze ex Thell.	Šathume/; Mošašane/Seralane	Herb	Whole plant	Fresh	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of P. grandiflora. Powder is poured in the boiled water. Steam inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Asteraceae	Senecio serratuloides DC.	Legatuludi	Shrub	Leaf	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	33.3	0.18
						Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	4	2.8	33.3
							Wheezing	4	2.8	33.3
Asteraceae	Vernonia natalensis; Sch.Bip. e x Walp.	Mošuhla	Herb	Leaf	Leaf	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	14	19.2	51.8	0.19
						Boiled for 3–8 minutes and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	12	9.2	48.1
						Boiled for 5–13 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	1
Cactaceae	Opuntia ficus-indica (L.); Mill.	Motloro	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Canellaceae	Warburgia salutaris; (G.Bertol.) Chiov.	Molaka	Tree	Bark	Dry	Boiled for 4–11 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	36.3	0.07
							Wheezing	7	5	63.6
Cannabaceae	Cannabis sativa L. var.; indica (Lam.) Wehmer	Lebake/Patše	Herb	Leaf	Fresh	Mixed with dried leaf of A. afra. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	8	5.7	42.1	0.13
					Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Tight chest	11	7.8	57.8
Capparaceae	Maerua juncea Pax subsp.; crustata (Wild) Wild	Diragadibonwe	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	50	0.02
						Mixed with fresh bulb of D. elata, dried bark of C. abbreviata. Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	2.1	50	0.02
						Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	2
Celastraceae	Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk.; ex Endl.	Lehlatse/Lewang/; Molomomonate	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea albivenia (Lindl.); Sweet	Mošope	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 4–5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe brachyloba; Welw. ex Britten	Moethi/; Mošimanewanaga/; Moritšikana	Shrub	Leaf	Fresh	Rubbed (raw) between hands and vapour is inhaled (nasally). Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	13	9.2	100	0.09
Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis metuliferus; E.Mey. ex Naudin	Tšhitšhi	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	100	0.02
Cyperaceae	Cyperus sexangularisNees	Mohlahla	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	7	5	10.7	0.46
							Fatigue	58	41.4	89.2
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl.; var. brevipes (Burtt Davy); Burkill	Kgato	Herb	Tuber	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	10	7.1	100	0.07
Euphorbiaceae	Croton gratissimus Burch.; var. gratissimus	Moolologa/; Selogane	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 6–10 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	12	8.5	48	0.17
							Wheezing	8	5.7	32
						Or
						Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day
						Boiled for 9 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	5	3.5	20
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia schinzii Pax	Ngaka-dianya	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	19	13.5	100	0.13
Euphorbiaceae	Jatropha zeyheri Sond.	Sephapabadiya	Herb	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Euphorbiaceae	Tragia dioica Sond.	Bogopa/; Mabatšane	Herb	Leaf	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powered whole plant of H. caespititium, leaf of L. javanica, and roots of O. lanceolata and C. laureola. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Fabaceae	Acacia erioloba E.Mey.	Mogohlo/; Mošu	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered bark of P. africanum and S. birrea and root of X. caffra. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Fabaceae	Acacia sieberiana DC. var.; woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay &; Brenan	Mošu	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Fabaceae	Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.; var. rostrata Brenan	Mokgaripe	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 6–11 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	2	1.4	100	0.01
Fabaceae	Albizia adianthifolia; (Schumach.) W.Wight var.; Adianthifolia	Mafahla-nare	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–12 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day; Or; Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	3	2.1	100	0.02
Fabaceae	Cassia abbreviata Oliv.; subsp. beareana (Holmes); Brenan	Monepenepe	Tree	Bark	Dry	Boiled for 5–9 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Fabaceae	Elephantorrhiza burkei; Benth.	Mošišane/; Batswetsi	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered stem of A. spinosa and root of P. africanum. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	2.1	50	0.04
						Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	2
							Asthma	3	2.1	50
Fabaceae	Elephantorrhiza goetzei; (Harms) Harms subsp.; Goetzei	Mošitšane	Shrub	Root	Dry	Mixed with fresh bulb of E. autumnalis. Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	100	0.00
Fabaceae	Erythrina lysistemon; Hutch.	Sebalo/; Mmale	Tree	Bark	Dry	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Wheezing	10	7.1	100	0.07
Fabaceae	Peltophorum africanum; Sond.	Mosehla	Tree	Bark	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powered leaf of A. afra. Taken orally with Syrup®. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	2.1	21.4	0.1
						Pounded and mixed with a dried powdered root of B. discolor and S. italica and dried bark of S. birrea. Powder is poured in to the boiled water and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of A. erioloba, X. caffra, and dried bark of S. birrea. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
						Boiled for 5–11 minutes. Extracts taken orally. Thrice a day	Fatigue	10	7.8	78.5
				Root		Pounded and mixed with dried powdered stem of A. spinosa and a root of E. burkei. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1
Fabaceae	Senna italica Mill. subsp.; arachoides (Burch.) Lock	Moroteladitšhoši	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of B. discolor, dried bark of S. birrea and P. africanum. Powder is poured in to the boiled water and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	6.4	100	0.06
						Boiled for 4–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	8
Gentianaceae	Enicostema axillare (Lam.); A. Raynal subsp. Axillare	Makgonotšohle/; Mphedu-ya-thaba	Herb	Whole plant	Dry	Boiled for 5–14 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.; Or; Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	140	100	100	1
Hyacinthaceae	Drimia elata Jacq.	Sekanama	Herb	Bulb	Fresh	Mixed with dried root of M. juncea, dried bark of C. abbreviata. Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	1	0.7	8.3	0.08
						Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	3	2.1	25
							Wheezing	4	2.8	33.3
						Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day.	Asthma	4	2.8	33.3
Hyacinthaceae	Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.); Chitt.	Mathubadifala	Herb	Bulb	Fresh	Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Nasal congestion	8	5.7	88.8	0.05
						Mixed with dried root of E. goetzei. Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	1	0.7	11.1	0.00
Hyacinthaceae	Eucomispallidiflora Baker; subsp. pole-evansii; (N.E.Br.) Reyneke ex; J.C.Manning	Mathubadifala	Herb	Bulb	Fresh	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day.	Nasal congestion	11	7.8	52.2	0.15
						Boiled for 5–10 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	9	6.4	42.8
							Wheezing	1	0.7	4.7
Hypoxidaceae	Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-; Lall	Hlakudiboya/Titikwane/; Sekgekolwana	Herb	Tuber	Fresh	Mixed with fresh bulb of S. aethiopicus. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	1	10	77.7	0.12
						Boiled for 5–12 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	13
							Fatigue	4	2.8	22.2
Hypoxidaceae	Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex; Ker Gawl.	Monna maledu	Herb	Tuber	Fresh	Boiled for 4–7 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	2	1.4	100	0.01
Icacinaceae	Cassinopsis ilicifolia; (Hochst.) Kuntze	Mohufi/Mohufe	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–7 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	2	1.4	100	0.01
Icacinaceae	Pyrenacantha grandiflora; Baill.	Bjere	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered entire plant of S. pinnata. Powder is poured in the boiled water. Steam inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day.	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.01
Kirkiaceae	Kirkia wilmsii Engl.	Modumela/; mogaba	Tree	Bark	Fresh	Boiled for minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day.	Asthma	2	1.4	66.6	0.02
							Nasal congestion	1	0.7	33.3
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum glabrum; E.Mey. var. angustifolium; E.Mey.	Mohlokohloko	Tree	Leaf	Fresh	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	4	2.8	100	0.02
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum ternatum; Schinz	Sebokane	Herb	Whole plant	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	140	100	100	1
Lamiaceae	Leonotis leonurus (L.); R.Br.	Lebake	Shrub	Root or leaf	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	14	10	100	0.1
Lauraceae	Cryptocarya transvaalensis; Burtt Davy	Kgosupsa	Tree	Bark	Dry	Boiled for 5–9 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	140	100	100	1
Malvaceae	Abutilon galpinii A. Meeuse	Mmotša	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–8 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	5	3.5	100	0.03
Malvaceae	Adansonia digitata	Mogoo	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 6–10 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	68	48.5	100	0.48
Malvaceae	Dombeya rotundifolia; (Hochst.) Planch. var.; rotundifolia	Mokgoba	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and extract is taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Fatigue	3	2.1	100	0.02
Malvaceae	Gossypium herbaceum L.; subsp. africanum (Watt); Vollesen	Katluni/Leokodi/; Mohlare-wa-mawisi	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and extract is taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	70	50	100	0.5
Malvaceae	Grewia hispida Harv.	Mogwete/; Mogolori/Lefielo	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Nasal congestion	2	1,4	100	0.01
Malvaceae	Grewia sulcata Mast. var.; sulcata	Mogwete/Mogoto	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	2	1.4	100	0.01
Malvaceae	Sida cordifolia L.	Mohutasela	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day.	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Mesembryanthemaceae	Carpobrotus edulis (L.); L. Bolus subsp. edulis	Mošhipse	Herb	Leaf	Fresh	Chewed (orally) as raw and juice is swallowed. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.8	100	0.02
						Mixed with dried root of C. laureola. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day.	Asthma	1
Moringaceae	Moringa oleifera sensu; Exell & Mendon	Moringka	Tree	Leaf	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	17	12.1	100	0.12
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Dehnh	Mopilikomo	Tree	Bark	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Olacaceae	Ximenia caffra Sond. var.; natalensis Sond.	Motšhidi-kgomo	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of A. A. erioloba, dried bark of P. africanum and S. birrea. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	5.7	100	0.05
						Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	7
Oleaceae	Olea europaea L. subsp.; africana (Mill.) P. S. Green	Mohlware/; Mo-olive	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	3.5	100	0.03
						Boiled for 8 minutes and extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1
Punicaceae	Panica granatum L.	Mokgarenate	Tree	Fruit scale	Fresh	Chew as raw (orally). Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Passifloraceae	Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy; subsp. fruticosa	Mopowane	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–13 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	9	9.2	69.2	0.09
						Boiled for 6 minutes. Extract is used topically as bath. Thrice a day	Fatigue	4	2.8	30.7
Passifloraceae	Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy	Monna-apare/; Pisayabatšumi/; Mothema	Shrub	Stem	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	25	17.8	30.4	0.58
							Fatigue	56	40.7	69.5
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of E. burkei and P. africanum. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1
Pedaliaceae	Dicerocaryum senecioides; (Klotzsch) Abels	Momphati	Herb	Leaf	Dry	Pounded and mixed with fresh leaf of Aloe spp.Boiled for 2 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Plumbaginaceae	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Mašimabe/; Mašegomabe	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 6–13 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	80	0.03
							Nasal congestion	1	0.7	20
Poaceae	Sorghum bicolor (L.); Moench subsp.; arundinaceum (Desv.) de; Wet & Harlan	Mabele-thoro	Herb	Seed	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with Mageu® drink or soft porridge. Thrice a day	Fatigue	6	4.2	100	0.04
Poaceae	Zea mays subsp. mays L.	Mabele	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Polygalaceae	Securidaca; longepedunculata Fresen.; var. longepedunculata	Mphesu/; Mpitlamarago	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–10 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	2	1.4	100	0.01
Proteaceae	Protea caffra Meisn.; subsp. caffra	Modumela	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	8	5.7	88.8	0.06
							Fatigue	1	0.7	11.1
Ptaeroxylaceae	Ptaeroxylon obliquum; (Thunb.) Radlk.	Mogabaletswana	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	25	17.8	100	0.17
Rhamnaceae	Berchemia discolor; (Klotzsch) Hemsl.	Moneyee/; Mogokgoma	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and mixed with powdered dried bark of S. birrea and P. africanum and dried root of S. italica. Powder is poured in boiled water and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mucronata Willd.; subsp. mucronata	Mokgalo	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00
Rutaceae	Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.	Moswiri	Tree	Fruit	Fresh	Boiled for 4-5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Tight chest	2	1.4	100	0.01
Rutaceae	Vepris reflexa I. Verd.	Pharagobe	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	2	1.4	100	0.01
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum capense; (Thunb.) Harv.	Monokwane/ Moregakgaka	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Wheezing	7	5	53.8	0.09
							Asthma	5	3.5	46.1
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of C. laureola. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7
Santalaceae	Osyris lanceolata Hochst.; & Steud.	Mphera	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	14	11.4	87.5	0.11
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of W. somnifera. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Laboured breathing	1	0.7	6.2
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of C. laureola and O. lanceolata, whole plant of H. caespititium, and leaves of L. javanica and T. dioica. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	6.2
Sapindaceae	Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; var. angustifolia (L.f.); Benth.	Mofentshe	Tree	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Laboured breathing	1	0.7	100	0.00
Sapotaceae	Englerophytum; magalismontanum (Sond.); T. D. Penn.	Mohlatshwa	Tree	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Sapotaceae	Mimusops obovata Nees; ex Sond.	Mmupudu	Tree	Root	Dry	Mixed with (spider’s web). Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	140	100	100	1
Scrophulariaceae	Buddleja salvifolia (L.) Lam	Moketla	Shrub	Root	Dry	Boiled for 5–10 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Solanaceae	Solanum catombelense; Peyr.	Mothola-o-; momokhwibidu	Herb	Whole plant	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	2	1.4	100	0.01
Solanaceae	Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.	Mothola-o-; moserolwane	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	3	2.1	100	0.02
Solanaceae	Withania somnifera (L.); Dunal	Mošalašupeng	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	6	4.2	85.7	0.04
						Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of O. lanceolata. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Laboured breathing	1	0.7	14.2	0.00
Thymelaeaceae	Lasiosiphon caffer Meisn.	Nkekologe	Shrub	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	140	100	100	1.12
							Tight chest	17	12.1	10.8
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta retinervis Baker	Thuse	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	100	0.02
Verbenaceae	Lantana rugosa Thunb.	Bokokotane/; mokokotane	Shrub	Leaf	Fresh	Boiled for 5–10 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	5	3.5	100	0.03
Verbenaceae	Lippia javanica (Burm.f.); Spreng	Mošunkwane/; motlaba-dipoo	Shrub	Leaf	Fresh	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered root of C. laureola. Boiled for 4 minutes and steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	7.1	55.5	0.12
						Boiled for 5–13 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Asthma	9
					Dry	Pounded and mixed with dried powdered roots of C. laureola and O. lanceolata, whole plant of H. caespititium, and leaf of T. dioica. Taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Fatigue	1	0.7	5.5
					Fresh	Boiled for 5–14 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Laboured breathing	2	1.4	11.1
						Boiled for 5–10 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket. Thrice a day	Nasal congestion	1	0.7	5.5
						Boiled for 5 minutes. Steam is inhaled (nasally) under blanket, but while eyes open. Thrice a day	Wheezing	4	2.8	22.2
Vitaceae	Rhoicissus tomentosa; (Lam.) Wild & R. B. Drumm.	Terebe-ya-; nageng	Herb	Root	Dry	Pounded and taken orally with warm water. Thrice a day	Asthma	4	2.8	100	0.02
Zingiberaceae	Siphonochilus aethiopicus; (Schweinf.) B. L. Burtt	Serokolo	Herb	Bulb	Fresh	Mixed with fresh bulb of H. hemerocallidea. Boiled for 5 minutes. Extract is taken orally. Thrice a day	Asthma	1	0.7	100	0.00

Exotic plant species: asterisk ; fidelity level: FL; use mention: UM; and use value: UV.