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SCs | Disease | Factors causing disease | Mode of stem cells application | Physiological and mechanistic aspects of stem cells therapeutics | Improvements in disease signatures & future use | References |
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ESCs | Spinal cord injuries | Infection, cancer, and accidents | ESCs transplantation to injury site | ESCs and secreted vasculogenic and neurogenic factor support tissue homing | Regeneration of spinal tissue and improved balance and sensation | [15] |
ARMD and glaucoma | Macular cones degeneration | ESCs-derived cones and RGCs transplantation to eye | COCO (activating TGF-β, BMP, and Wnt) & BRN3 (knock-in by CRISPER-Cas9) make ESCs become cones and RGCs form cells sheet & neuronal connection | Recovery from ARMD and macular defects & restoration of vision | [16, 17] |
Cardiovascular disease | Diabetes, drugs, genetic factor, and life style | ESCs-derived CMs & biomaterial coaxed ESCs | Cardiomyocytes express GCaMP3, secreting vasculogenic factors, and Tbox3 differentiates ESCs into SANPCs | Suppresses heart arrhythmias. CMs electrophysiologically integrate to heart as pacemaker | [18, 19, 28] |
Liver injuries | Toxins, drugs, genetic factors, and infection | Transplantation of ESCs-derived hepatocytes | ESCs-hepatocyte conversion is marked with expression of Cytp450, PXR, CYPA4&29, HNF4-α, and UGTA1; cells in transplant repopulate injured liver tissue | Regeneration of liver tissue can be used as model for screening of drugs | [20, 23, 24] |
Diabetes | Life style, heart defects, and genetics | Transplantation of ESCs-derived PPCs | Progenitors (CD24+, CD49+ & CD133+) differentiate into β-cells, secrete insulin, and express PDX1, GCK, and GLUT2 | Improvement in glucose level and obesity can be used for treatment of T1DM and T2DM | [25, 26] |
Osteoarthritis | When cartilage tissue wears away | Transplantation of chondrocytes organoids | Chondrocytes (SOX9+ & collagen-II+) form cells aggregate & remain active for 12 wks at transplantation site | Regeneration of cartilage tissue can be used for treatment of injuries faced by athletes | [27] |
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TSPSCs | Diabetes | Life style and genetic factors | Transplantation of SCs derived PPCs organoid | PPCs need niche supported active FGF & Notch signalling to become β-cell | PPCs occupancy as β-cell can treat T1DM & T2DM | [25, 29, 30] |
Neurodental problems | Accidents, age, and genetic factors | Transplantation of DSPSCs as neurons | Neurons express nestin, GFAP, βIII-tubulin, and L-type Ca2+ channels | Possible application in treatment of neurodental abnormalities | [31, 32] |
Acoustic problems | Age, noise, drugs, and infection | IESCs/IESCs-derived hair cells transplantation | γ-secretase shuts Notch by β-catenin & Atoh1 in lrg5+IESCs to be hair cells | Cochlear regeneration leads to restoration of acoustic functions | [34, 35] |
Intestinal degeneration | Genetic factors and food borne infections | IPCs derived crypt-villi organoid transplantation | Mϕ, myofibroblasts, and bacteria signals IPCs to be crypt-villi organoid tissue | Regeneration of goblet mucosa can treat intestinal defects | [36–38] |
Corneal diseases | Burns, genetics, and inflammation | LPSCs transplantation to corneal tissue | LPSCs in transplant marked by ABCB5 differentiate into mature cornea | Regeneration of corneal tissue might treat multiple eye disease | [39, 40] |
Muscular deformities | Infection, drugs, and autoimmunity | Transplantation of PEG fibrinogen coaxed MABs | PDGF from MABs attract vasculogenic and neurogenic cells to transplant site | Muscle fibril regeneration; skeletal muscle defects treatment | [41, 42] |
Eye disease & retinopathy | Toxins, burns, and genetic factors | AdSCs intravitreal transplantation | AdSCs from healthy donor produce higher vasoprotective factors | Restoration of vascularisation, diabetic retinopathy treatment | [44, 45] |
Cardiac dysfunctions | Age, genetic factors, and toxins | Systemic infusion of CA-AdSCs myocardium | CA-AdSCs to epithelium differentiation are superior to AdSCs | Regeneration of ischemic myocardium | [47, 48] |
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MSCs | Bladder deformities | Cystitis, cancer, and infection | Transplantation of BD-MSCs to bladder | BDMSCs (CD105+, CD73+, CD34−, and CD45−) with SIS heal bladder in 10 wks | Bladder regeneration from different origins MSCs | [50, 51] |
Dental problems | Infection, cancer age, and accidents | Transplants of EMSCs + DSCs biopolymer tissue | EMSC-DSCs and vasculogenic factors in biopolymer give rise to mature teeth units | Regeneration of oral tissue and application in periodontics | [31, 52] |
Bone degeneration | Injuries and tumor autoimmunity | Coaxed MSCs transplant & MSCs infusion | Actin modelling by cytochalasin-D transforms MSCs into osteoblasts | Regeneration of bones, reduction in injury pain | [53–55] |
Muscle degeneration | Genetic factors and work stress | Coaxed MSCs transplant and MSCs infusion | Alginate gel protects MSCs from immune attack and controls GFs release | Regeneration of heart scar and muscle tissue in controlled way | [56, 57] |
Alopecia | Age, disease, and medicine use | Transplantation of GAG-coated DPCs | GAG coating mimics ECM microenvironment, promoting DPCs regeneration | Regeneration of hair follicle for treatment of alopecia | [58] |
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UCSCs | Congenital heart defects | Developmental errors | Transplantation of fibrin coaxed AFSCs | Addition of VEFG to PEG coaxed AFSCs promotes organogenesis | Regeneration of tissue repair for treatment of heart defects | [59, 60] |
Diabetes | Life style and genetic factors | WJ-SCs, transplantation, and intravenous injection | WJ-factors & Mϕ differentiate WJ-SCs into β-cells, decreasing IL6 & IL1β | Improvement in function of β-cells leads to treatment of diabetes | [7, 9, 61–63] |
SLE | Autoimmunity | Intravenous infusion of WJ-SCs | WJ-SCs decrease SLEDAI & BILAG; reinfusion protects from disease relapse | Improvement in renal functions & stopping degeneration of tissues | [64] |
LSD & neurodegenerative diseases | Genetics, tumor, age, and life style | Allogenic UCSCs cells and biomaterial coaxed UCSCs organoids | Organoids consisted of neuroblasts (GFAP+, Nestin+, and Ki67+) & SCs (OCT4+, SOC2+); UCSCs recover from MSE deficiency and improve cognition | Treatment of Krabbe’s disease, hurler syndrome, MLD, TSD, ALD, AD, ALS, SCI, SCI, TBI, Parkinson's, stroke, and so forth | [65–67] |
Cartilage and tendon injuries | Accident | Transplantation of UCB-SCs, UCB-SCs-HA gel | HA gel factors promote regeneration of hyaline cartilage & tendons in wks time | Recovery from tendons and cartilage injuries | [68, 69] |
Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Genetic and environmental | Transplantation of UCSCs | Second dose infection of allogenic UCSCs improves patients life by 30% | Treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other cancers | [10] |
Peritoneal fibrosis | Long term renal dialysis and fibrosis | WJ-SCs, transplantation by IP injection | WJ-SCs prevent programmed cells death and peritoneal wall thickness | Effective in treatment of encapsulating peritoneal fibrosis | [70] |
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BMSCs | Anaemia and blood cancer | Injury, genetics autoimmunity | Two-step infusion of lymphoid and myeloid | Haplo identical BMSCs can reconstruct immunity, which is major process for minority | Treatment of aplastic anaemia & haematological malignancies | [71] |
AIDS | HIV1 infection | Transplantation of HIV1 resistant CD4+ cells | Anti-HIV1 CD4+ cells express HIV1 anti-RNA, which restrict HIV infection | Treatment of AIDS as an alternative of antiretroviral | [72, 73] |
Blood clotting disorders | Lack of platelets | Transplantation of megakaryocyte organoids | GFs in silk sponge, microtubule 3D scaffolds mimic bone marrow | Therapeutics of burns and blood clotting diseases | [74, 75] |
Neurodegenerative diseases | Accidents, age, trauma, and stroke | Focal transplant of BMSCs with LA | LA+BMSCs induce neovascularisation that directs microglia for colonization | Treatment of neuronal damage disorders and cognitive restoration | [76] |
Orodental deformities | Trauma, disease, and birth defects | Bone marrow derived stem & progenitor (TRC) | CD14+ & CD90+ TRC accelerate alveolar jaw bone regeneration | Regeneration of defects in oral bone, skin, and gum | [77] |
Diaphragm abnormalities | Accidents & birth defects | Implantation of decellularized diaphragm | BMSCs niche perfused hemidiaphragm has similar myography & spirometry | Replacement therapy by donor derived niched diaphragm | [8] |
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iPSCs | Eye defects | Age, genetics, and birth defects | iPSCs derived NPCs transplantation | NPCs form 5-6 layers of photoreceptor nuclei, restoring visual acuity | Treatment of ARMD and other age-related eye defects | [78–80] |
Neurodegenerative disorders | Accidents, age, trauma, and stroke | iGABA-INs and cortical spheroid transplantation | (iGABA-INs) secrete GABA; FOX1G cause ASD, spheroid mimics to brain | ASD, Alzheimer's, seizer, and obstinate epilepsies treatment | [81–84] |
Liver & lung diseases | A1AD deficiency | Transplantation of A1AD mutation corrected iPSCs | A1AD is encoded by SERPINA1 in liver, and mutation leads to drugs sensitivity | Treatment of COPD causing lungs and liver degeneration | [85] |
Diabetes | Life style and genetic factors | iPSCs derived β-cells transplantation | Skin to β-cells reprogramming phase through cDE & cPF requires GPs | Treatment of T1DM and T2DM and insulin production | [86] |
Lung degeneration | Tuberculosis, cancer, and fibrosis | Biomaterial coaxed iPSCs transplantation | Miniature iPSCs lung resembles airways and alveoli, model drug testing | Regeneration of lung tissue | [87] |
SIDs and AIDS | Age, genetic factors, and infection | Transplantation of Oct4 and Nanog corrected iPSCs | CRISPER-Cas9 generate iPSCs in single step; iPSCs-Mϕ resists HIV1 | Immunotherapy of SIDs, HIV1, and other immune diseases | [80, 88, 89] |
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