he unit of energy use is MJ per litre of ethanol produced from biorefinery. ormalized energy value for ethanol based on lower heating value (LHV). n stover-ethanol study it refers to the corn as a coproduct in the agriculture; in the other six studies on corn-ethanol it refers to the harvested stover (60%, dry mass basis) as a coproduct, and the values are estimated in this study. n stover-ethanol and switchgrass-ethanol study it refers to electricity; in corn-ethanol studies it refers to a range of products from corn milling, such as dried distiller grains, corn gluten feed, and corn oil; in sugarcane-ethanol study it refers to electricity surplus or/and bagasse.