Studies of Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Spent Coffee Ground: Equilibrium, Regeneration, and Dynamic Performance in a Fixed-Bed Column

Figure 1

Isotherm adsorption of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ onto SCG. Experimental conditions: 1 g SCG/L, pH 4.5, and 25°C. Solid lines represent the ion-exchange multicomponent model. Error bars represent standard deviation of triplicate measurements.