A Review of the Nonsurgical Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

Table 1

Nonsurgical treatments options for oral leukoplakia.

Author	Therapy	Dose	Number of patients	Clinical resolution (%)	Follow-up (months)	Recurrence	Malignant transformation (%)
Benner et al. [66]	Systemic Alfa tocoferol	400 IU	43	20%	24	NR	NR
Garewal et al. [38]	Systemic Beta-carotene	30 mg/day	24	8%	6	NR	8%
Toma et al. [37]	Systemic Beta-carotene	90 mg/day	23	26%	7	5%	NR
Sankaranarayanan et  al. [31]	Systemic Beta-carotene	360 mg	46	54%	12	5%	NR
Liede et al. [32]	Systemic Beta-carotene	20 mg/day	24	NR	60–84	NR	NR
Garewal et al. [39]	Systemic Beta-carotene	60 mg/day	50	4%	18	17%	8%
Sankaranarayanan et  al. [31]	Systemic Isotretinoin	300.000 IU	42	52%	12	67%	NR
Stich et al. [74]	Systemic Vitamin  A	200.000–300.000 IU	21	57%	12	NR	NR
Nagao et al. [47]	Systemic Lycopene	NR	48	NR	NR	NR	NR
Singh et al. [48]	Systemic Lycopene	4–8 mg	58	25-55%	3	NR	NR
Hammersley et al. [24]	Topical Bleomycin	0,5%	8	NR	12	NR	NR
Epstein et al. [25]	Topical Bleomycin	1%	19	32%	40	NR	11%
Shah et al. [73]	Topical Vitamin  A	1–5 mg	11	27%	11	18%	NR
Epstein and Gorsky [78]	Topical Tretinoin	0,05% gel	26	27%	42	40%	NR
Piattelli et al. [72]	Topical Isotretinoin	1%	10	10%	48	NR	NR
Lippman et al. [88]	Systemic 4 HPR	200 mg/day	35	0	9	NR	23%
Tradati et al. [87]	Topical 4 HPR	NR	8	25%	NR	NR	NR
Kübler et al. (1998)	Topical PDT	ALA 20%	20	25%	3	NR	NR
Siéron et al. [90]	Topical PDT	ALA 10%	5	80%	6	20%	NR
Siero𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡^′𝑛 et al. [96]	Topical PDT	ALA 10%	12	83%	6	8%	NR
Chen et al. [97]	Systemic PDT	ALA	24	33%	NR	NR	NR

IU: International Unit; NR: not reported; 4 HPR: Fenretinide; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; ALA: Aminolevulenic acid.