International Journal of Dentistry

Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare clinical periodontal conditions in HIV-positive people on HAART with an HIV-negative group, in addition to investigating factors associated with periodontitis in the entire sample. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by oral clinical examination for the diagnosis of periodontitis, review of medical records, and application of a questionnaire containing personal data, deleterious habits, and oral hygiene habits for the other variables. The results were analyzed by Pearson’s χ² test and Student’s t-test. A logistic regression model was constructed for the multivariate analysis and periodontitis was defined as a dependent variable. The analysis was performed on the entire sample (HIV+ and HIV−) and also on the group consisting of only people living with HIV. Results. Individuals older than 43 years old and with HIV were more likely to develop moderate and severe periodontitis (47.80 and 4.84 times, respectively). When analyzing only HIV+, in addition to age (OR = 2.795; CI = 1.080−7.233), the use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (OR = 2.841; CI = 1.135−7.112) was also associated with moderate and severe periodontitis. Conclusion. It was possible to observe a higher prevalence of periodontitis among individuals with HIV, showing an association between the virus, advanced age, and moderate or severe periodontitis.

Currently, available medicine does not satisfy the clinical unmet needs of periodontal disease. Therefore, novel drugs with improved efficacy profiles are needed. We previously demonstrated that YH14642, water extracts of Notoginseng Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, improved probing depths in double-blind phase II clinical trial. However, it still has hurdles for commercialization due to the low efficiency of active compound extraction. To resolve this issue, we developed YH23537 through process optimization to extract active compounds efficiently while still achieving the chemical profile of YH14642. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of YH23537 compared with YH14642 using a canine model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells were treated with various concentrations of YH23537 or YH14642 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the conditioned media were determined using Luminex. Sixteen 3-year-old male beagle dogs had their teeth scaled and polished using a piezo-type ultrasonic scaler under general anesthesia and brushed once daily for the following 2 weeks. Two weeks after the scaling procedure, the left upper second premolar (PM2), third premolar (PM3), and fourth premolar (PM4) as well as the left lower PM3, PM4, and first molar (M1) were ligated with silk-wire twisted ligatures. The dogs were fed with soft moistened food to induce periodontitis for 8 weeks, and the ligatures were then removed. YH23537 and YH14642 were administered for 4 weeks, and clinical periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were determined before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment. YH23537 inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in hGF cells stimulated with LPS. The IC₅₀ values for YH23537 were 43 and 54 μg/ml for IL-6 and IL-8, respectively, while the values for YH14642 were 104 and 117 μg/ml, respectively. In the animal study, clinical parameters including GI, PD, CAL, and BoP were significantly increased after 8 weeks of ligature-induced periodontitis. The YH23537 300 and YH23537 900 mg groups had significant improvements in CAL from 1 to 4 weeks after treatment in comparison to the placebo group. GR values in the YH23537 900 mg group were decreased throughout the treatment period. GI values were also reduced significantly after 4-week treatment with 300 and 900 mg of YH23537. YH23537 at 300 mg doses showed comparable efficacy for CAL and GR with 1,000 mg of YH14642. YH23537 showed therapeutic efficacy against periodontitis in dogs, mediated by anti-inflammatory effects. These findings indicate that YH23537 has the potential for further development as a new drug for patients suffering from periodontal disease.

Background. Although the mechanical behaviors of PMMA were improved with nanoparticles addition, there is a lack of study on the color changes of nanocomposite denture base resin. This study aimed to assess and compare the color of nanocomposite denture base resin modified with different nanoparticles and concentrations. Materials and Methods. Three nanoparticles (zirconium dioxide (ZNP), titanium dioxide (TNP), and silicon dioxide (SNP)) were added to heat-polymerized acrylic resin in 3 and 7 wt% concentrations. A total of 70 acrylic discs (20 × 2 ± 0.03 mm) specimens were prepared while one without addition (control) and three main groups according to nanoparticles and two subgroups according to % (3ZNP, 7ZNP, 3TNP, 7TNP, 3SNP, and 7SNP) with total 70 acrylic discs (n = 10). Spectrophotometer was used for color change (ΔEab) followed by value conversion to National Bureau of Standards units (NBS) to relate the color alterations (ΔEab) to the clinical environment which aids in determining a threshold for clinical acceptance of the color change. ΔEab data were analyzed and compared using one- and two-way ANOVA tests followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results. Two-way ANOVA showed that filler type (regardless of filler concentration) had a statistically significant effect on mean ΔEab (). Filler concentrations (regardless of filler type) showed a significant effect on mean ΔEab while the filler type and concentration interaction showed no significant effect on mean ΔEab (). One-way ANOVA in terms of filler types results showed a significant difference between mean ΔEab (), where TNP group showed the highest mean ΔEab followed by ZNP and SNP. Pair-wise comparison revealed that 3% concentration showed a significant lower mean ΔEab than 7% concentration (). Conclusion. Modification of heat-polymerized denture base resin with ZNP, TNP, or SNP causes clinically unacceptable color change. TNP produced the highest color change followed by ZNP and SNP, and the color change is concentration dependent; the color change increases as the concentration increases.

Objectives. This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance (FR) of severely damaged primary anterior teeth restored with five different post and core systems. Materials and Methods. This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 60 extracted primary maxillary central incisors. The teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm above their cementoenamel junction (CEJ), underwent pulpectomy, and their root canals were filled with Metapex paste. After post space preparation and sealing of root fillings with light-cure glass ionomer (1 mm thickness), the teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12) of (1) glass fiber post and everX composite (reinforced with short fibers), (2) glass fiber post and bulk-fill composite, (3) everX composite post and core, (4) bulk-fill composite post and core, and (5) Filtek conventional composite post and core. The teeth underwent 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and their FR was measured in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min, 148°). The mode of failure was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 0.05 level of significance. Results. The FR was the highest in fiber post and everX composite, and the lowest in Z250 conventional composite post and core group (). The FR of fiber post and everX composite group was significantly higher than that of everX composite post and core (), bulk-fill composite post and core (), and Z250 composite post and core () groups. The frequency of repairable fractures was the highest in glass fiber post plus everX composite (91.66%) and the lowest in Filtek conventional post and core group (66.66%) (). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results showed that restoration of severely damaged primary maxillary central incisors with glass fiber post and everX composite reinforced with short fibers enhanced their FR, and increased the chance of reparability in case of restoration fracture. This technique may be recommended for the restoration of primary anterior teeth since it is simple and saves time.

Aim. There is need of an objective “standard procedure” that is reliable and clinically applicable for estimating oral neutrophil content in relation to oral diseases. Methods. Forty-one patients with suspected oral candidosis (OC) and nine healthy controls with no oral mucosal disease were flushing with 10 ml mouth rinse (MR) (sterile phosphate-buffered saline) for 1 min. Aliquots were stored on different conditions to explore stability, storage, and fixation conditions for analysis by flow cytometry. Results. The optimal storage and fixation condition for MR was by fixation 1 : 1 in 10% formalin and stored at 5°C. This procedure yielded stable results up to 7 days after collection. The ability of the optimized method to relate oral neutrophils to inflammation was demonstrated by the significantly higher number of neutrophils in patients with primary OC () compared to healthy controls. Conclusion. This method is rapid, reliable, and clinically applicable for establishing the content of oral neutrophils. We demonstrate increased density of oral neutrophils in the MR of patients with OC. The potential of the method is to be “the standard procedure” for investigation of the oral inflammation in patients with oral diseases as it is noninvasive and provides high stability, clinical relevance, and minimal handling.

Background. Apically extruded debris (AED) is an inherent concern during root canal treatment for both endodontists and general practitioners. The present study investigates the AED of the novel R-Motion single-file reciprocating system compared to standard single reciprocating and multifile rotary systems. Materials and Methods. Fifty-six moderately curved palatal roots of upper maxillary first molars were selected for the present study. The samples were then divided randomly into four groups (n = 14)— Group I: R-motion (RM), Group II: WaveOne Gold (WOG), Group III: ProTaper Next (PTN), and Group IV: HyFlex EDM (HFEDM). The researcher has modified Myers and Montgomery’s method to simulate human body temperature. Vials were used to collect debris and weighted using a 0.00001 sensitive balance before and after instrumentation. The instrumentation of all experimented groups was done at 37°C, terminated at master apical file #25. An auto syringe with a side vented needle was used to deliver 8 ml of deionized water for irrigation of each sample during preparation. Vials were stored in a dry sealed desiccator which contained CaSO₄ crystals, for 24 hr before weighing. The weight of the collected debris was obtained by subtracting the preinstrumentation weight from the postinstrumentation weight for each vial. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to analyse the statistical difference in the amount of debris between the tested groups at a 0.05 significance level. Results. The RM system produced less debris extrusion than all tested groups, with a significant difference between the former and the WOG and the PTN systems. However, WOG, PTN, and HFEDM showed no statistically significant difference in the amount of AED. Conclusion. All tested groups produced apical debris in different amounts. The RM produced substantially less AED than WOG and PTN. Meanwhile, WOG, PTN, and HFEDM caused a comparable amount of AED.